Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Exam - Assignment Example habituation theory sees the world in the perspective of making poor areas or countries poorer, and en well-heeleding those that are already rich and wealthy. In opposite words, the inequality of countries across the world results in dominance by wealthy nations all over poor nations. For example, developing countries like those in Latin America depend on the developed ones for charge among other things. With this, the developed economies deplete African resources in the name of the aids provided. The integration of weak economies is dirty relative to weak and string economies or countries in the world system. Trade agreement between the coupled States and Latin America would be seen as a means for United States to exploit Latin America.In the modernization theory, trade agreement between the United States and Latin America would be seen in a whole new perspective. The agreement would be treated as a bid to enhance frugal relations between United State s and Latin America. The move would be welcome in business and trade terms relative to international interdependency that is based on the fact that no single nation is self-sufficient. On the other hand, the third way would see this agreement as a trail towards optimizing the benefit of both nations, in the consideration of their differences.Emerging economies like China are threatening the position of other strong nations in the world. Realism and liberalism would treat Chinas rise in a world(a) context. That is to say that Chinas mode of interaction with the rest of the world would be evaluated in a global context. Given that China is more oriented towards a socialist political system, its position in realism would be characterized by the concept relations that only benefits China, a scenario that is likely to influence blind drunk associates of China like Brazil. On the other hand, liberalism would view China as a rather static nation in reforms, due to its high urge

Uses Humourous tactics ( report ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Uses Humourous tactics ( report ) - Essay Exampleonline advertising for the punctuate Kohler, a manufacturer of household plumbing products, is being addressed for its successes or failures in areas of communions and persuasion. The advertisement being described depicts an attractive female plumber, who passes by a rather ordinary-looking young man on her way to take care of a plumbing problem in an adjacent building. As she passes, she smiles at the man who is delighted by what he sees and runs into his bathroom. Upon entering, in an attempt to make the toilet clogged, he begins effusive candles, rags, plastic flowers, plastic grooming product containers and even dog food into the toilet. To his amazement, the toilet fails to clog and he is obviously upset that he might never see the female plumber again as he cannot create a legitimate clog to beg for her services.The basic marketing communication position provided by Chitty et al. describes the process flow of attempting to s end a singular message about a extra brand. Under this model, the source, in this case Kohler brand, seeks out a specific communication objective. The communication objective for Kohler is to fetch the quality, no-clog feature of their higher-end toilet products. This objective builds consumer awareness of this durability feature by creating a rather get around message (advertisement) in order to persuade potential customers to favour Kohler brand over other models.The Chitty et al. communication model further reinforces the importance of selecting the proper media channel in order to deliver the message successfully. In this case, Kohler has chosen the on-air television advertisement and the Internet in order to create consumer interest or online hum about the product. This model further describes the importance of understanding the proper sense of hearing to deliver the message, the target audience identified after segmentation of homogenous markets most likely to respond to the message. In this situation, the chosen pass catcher for the

MARKETING FUNDAMENTALS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words - 1

MARKETING fundamentals - Essay ExampleThe quality of the brand and services offered by the companionship have improved, but the confederation has tried to personify the introduced products in such sophisticated manner, so as to attract the focus and interest group of the customers topped with whipped cream and a dusting of toffee sprinkles, McDonalds version of this traditional delicacy is a luxurious semisweet treat (Burt, 2007) is one of the notations associated with the particular product.The McDonalds has been successful in offering convincing experience which has enthralled and glad the customers, the company instead of coming up to the expectations of the customers, has further enhanced the level of their taste through kingly offerings. The chairman of the McDonalds has agreed and stressed upon the effectiveness of such strategy, the one common thread to the success of these stories and the company is that they have to be true and they have to be authentic (Burt, 2007). As per the current record of the gross sales, and proximo prediction of the sales on the basis of current tr obliterate are encouraging, by the end of 2012 the sales of the Schultz will be common chord times higher and will reach the mark of twenty three billion US dollars. The company has revealed a comprehensive plan aimed at the expansion of units, more than xl thousand stores are expected to be launched in the coming few years.Keeping in visual sense the mission statement of the company, which aims at the establishment of the McDonalds as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world musical composition maintaining the uncompromising principles during growth (Burt, 2007), the mission statement is in lieu with the planned and present activities of the company, and by the end of next five years, the company is expected to achieve the glory highlighted in the statement. The company has decided to bring to pass a rose-cheeked work environment, which is expected to d evelop positive consequences on the performance of the company. The importance of the healthy environment in the

Analysis of an Organisation (Abercrombie and Fitch) and its Coursework

Analysis of an Organisation (Abercrombie and Fitch) and its private-enterprise(a) Environment, and Recommendation of a Strategy - Coursework ExampleThe attach to has established its reputation as a one-stop countersink for shopping of the whole family (MarketLine Advantage, 2014). During the period of management by the CEO Mike Jeffries the company also has gained about negative reputation, for being racist, discriminative and has been involved in several lawsuits. In FY 2013 the company has fibed same-store gross revenue decline by 10%, indicating on the worsening financial position of A&F (Business Insider, 2014).A&F being a immense diversified corporation is made up of multiple strategical Business Units. For the current analysis the SBU of A&F has been identified by geographical criteria. The aim of this report is to suggest a number of strategies for A&F. This report will critically investigate and evaluate A&F current & future strategies.Inimitability capabilities are no t as difficult and costly for competitors to obtain or imitate as the company has no manufacturing, and its business is built around the brand, which is weakening (competitive disadvantage)Organizational financial backing for now the organization is appropriately organized to exploit it capabilities, however, this might not be enough if the company pursues more aggressive international business expansion (Temporary competitive advantage).One of the major strengths of A&F is referred to the well-diversified brand portfolio comprised of the following brands Abercombie & Fitch, Hollister, Abercombie kids, and Gilly Hicks. These brands offer sportswear apparel, personal care and accessories for a broad category of customers, including men, women, juvenility and kids. Due to brand portfolio diversification the company has managed to position itself in the minds of the customers as one-stop store.Also, the company operates a large number of stores in North America, Asia, and Europe, whic h helps it to reach greater number of customers and thus to generate greater sales. As of 2014, A & F operated more than 1000 stores (MarketLine

Philosopy on education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosopy on knowledge - Assignment ExampleIn addition, personal analysis has indicated that due to different technological advancements, there has been a change in the methodology of education, and unfortunately, education and learning now stands in distinction with each other. In other words, societies are management primarily on acquisition of education, and not on the significance of learning, as degrees hold higher importance, whereas, individuals having the whimsicality of learning without degrees usually do not acquire any respectable place in the society. In the result, there is now a wave of conflict between the notions of education and learning due to comprehension of huge technological advancements in this field however, there is an urgent need of standardization on world-wide level that will enable the human race to ensure survival of actual philosophical system of education while resisting impact of the technology. In brief, one should accept and appreciate such c hange in the philosophy of education that is altering with the time, and thus, is in bond with the nature and

The Great Moderation Money and Banking in output Essay

The Great Moderation Money and Banking in output - screen ExampleThe Great Moderation in Output and Employment Volatility An Update, by Evan F. Koenig and Nicole Ball , Economic Letter, FRB Dalla Volatility understructure wreak havoc on economie. udden, harp up and down in buine activity can excite it difficult for conumer to plan their pending, worker to feel ecure in their job and companie to determine their future invetment. Becaue of their impact on expectation and buine and conumer confidence, wing in the economy can be bewilder elf-reinforcing. Volatility can alo pill everyplace into real and financial aet market, where evere price movement can produce eemingly arbitrary reditribution of wealth.It good new, then, that the U.. economy ha become much more table. On average, the five receion from 1959 to 1983 were 47 month apart, lingered 12 month and were aociated with a 2.17 percent peak-to-trough decline in real gro dometic product. By contrat, the 1990 downturn came after 92 month of expanion, lated cardinal month and involved a 1.26 percent decline in GDP. The 2001 lump ended a genius 120 month of uninterrupted growth, lated eight month and entailed a GDP decline of only 0.35 percent. ... depoit interet rate, broader acce to recognize market through financial innovation like home equity loan, tighter stock certificate control facilitated by technology, and the globalization of output and labor market.By meliorate monetary policy, analyt typically have in consciousness central bank action that repond more quickly and forcefully to emerging inflation preure, o that medium- to long-term price expectation remain contained.Bernanke approach to looking at the variou reaon for low long-term rate i more rational and reaonable than any Ive een in the dozen of article and paper Ive read on the allow curve. There wa one point I did diagree with, however. Bernanke aid, I have argued elewhere that improved policie, which tabilized inflation and recrudes ce anchored inflation expectation, are an important reaon for thi poitive maturation no doubt, tructural change in the economy uch a deregulation, improved inventory control method, and better rik-haring in the financial market alo contributed.I think it hould be the former(a) way around and read like thi, tructural change in the economy uch a deregulation, improved inventory control method, and better rik-haring in the financial market, which tabilized inflation and better anchored inflation expectation, are an important reaon for thi poitive development no doubt, improved policie alo contributed.He referring to the Great Moderation in which volatility in the GDP and inflation ha declined. By improved policie he talking about the monetary policy. o he giving the Fed the credit for acquiring the economy under control. He dead wrong on that point and I hope he come to hi ene and realize the truth on thi very important matter. The Fed, whether they realize it or not, ha more o been d riven by economic factor, than been a driver of

Implementing Network and Personnel Security Measures Research Paper

Implementing web and Personnel pledge Measures - Research Paper ExampleIn relation to the present entanglement protective cover measures manufacturing industry, cisco and IBM can be considered as the leading corporations which provide safe and steady internet purlieu within the networks of the different global institutions. Cisco Cisco is generally known as one of the inclusive manufacturers in terms of producing a range of effective network security devices. A a couple of(prenominal) of the study Cisco devices include Cisco Threat Defense Solution, Network Admission Control Appliance and Cisco Secure Access Control System among others (Cisco, 2013). The associated equals of the Cisco network security devices vary in accordance with the functions and network structure of the institutions. In general, the network security devices offered by Cisco are cost effective and can be procured from Cisco distributors, dealers along with other retail stores (Cisco, 2013). IBM The netwo rk security devices offered by IBM are highly effective for averting, detecting and eliminating different network related vulnerabilities that emerge while intent and deploying network management applications. The devices offered by the company ensure adequate security of the internal information and anticipate the access of unauthorized customer users. A few of the major network security products of IBM include IBM security measures Key Lifecycle Manager for z/OS, IBM Security Access Manager for Enterprise Single Sign-On and IBM Security AppScan Enterprise among others (IBM, 2013). The IBM internet security devices can be procured from the companys own distribution networks. The network security products offered by the company are relatively more cost effective than other products offered by the different vendors (IBM, 2013). Functionality of Cisco Devices for Governmental Agency opening (Cisco, 2013) Functionalities of IBM Network Security Devices for Governmental Agency Sour ce (IBM, 2013) 3. Maintenance Plan for the Government Agency to Ensure Having the Latest Security Measures The maintenance plan concerning the inductive reasoning of advanced network security devices is one of the essential steps for the politics self-assurance to uphold the security of its vital information. Therefore, the maintenance plan of the network security devices within the government activity agency would be to begin with focused on five major practices. The following are the primary activities of the maintenance plan for the government agency to ensure having the latest security measures Monitoring performance of the network security devices as per their expect outcomes Ensuring better alignment of network security devices with the primary objectives of the government agency Confirming appropriate phylogeny of the network security devices installed within the agency Continuous minimization of the network down-time and, Minimizing IT related costs of the government a gency Source (Torstensson, 2010) a. Risks Associated with not fulfilling the Activities Outlined within the Maintenance Plan The improper or ambiguous maintenance plan of the network security devices can generate various types of risks for the government agency. A few of the major risks associated with not fulfilling of activities of maintenance plan include Increase vulnerability from the access of unauthorized guest users Weaken data protection capabilities of the network security devices Misrepresentation of information Increase in agency

2007 financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

2007 monetary crisis - Essay ExampleThe risks kept building up and through the synergistic effect they interconnected among the institutions, which in the end undermined the stability of the financial institutions. There were 7 main vitrines that worked to restoreher to cause the 2007 financial crisis. Such included the securitization of the mortgages bringing forth to the rise in the shadow banking sector, regulatory arbitrage and conflict of interest, leverage and lower interest rates, breaksourcing of mortgage broker function, the suits vs geeks caper and finally the bankruptcy law changes. The factors mentioned above worked as follows to cause the perfect financial storm. (Mishkin 2004) The securitization of mortgages was the first cause of the crisis given that throughout history it had been a trend that mortgages were issued and serviced by the same bank (Mishkin 2004). The government created Fannie Mae and Freddie mack although both were stilltually spun off as private companies to go on home ownership by creating home loans, which were issued at quiet lower interest rates. These institutions along with other banks converted loans into securities called mortgage backed securities whereby the bullion paid by the borrower had to pass through the bank to the holder of the security (Mishkin and Eakins 2012). The banks were therefore able to get more funds to issues more loans by selling the loans. The selling of the loans in like manner made them pass the risks associated by the loans to the buyers of the securities whose impacts both tended to reduce the rates of interest on the mortgages (Casti 2012). The two formally created institutions together with AIG and other financial institutions insured those securities against default through credit default swaps, which are just insurances on cars or houses. Securitization of mortgages itself wouldnt necessarily be unsafe if only low risk mortgages were securitized but the successive administrations w ent on to encourage Fannie and Freddie to bundle mortgages so as to expand home ownership. Mortgage backed securities are much moneymaking when there is no default but with defaults insurance payouts grew and the government had to come in to bail out Fannie and Freddie plus AIG (Lounsbury 2010). Mortgage backed security market is part of the broader trend called the shadow banking where firms run from banks to ask finance due to the better rates they are likely to get (Lounsbury 2010). The participants in this sector adjourn a greater risk as this sector is not regulated like the banking sector. These companies also want the capital requirement that the banks have compounding the risks further so incase of anything these banks lose a lot. by dint of regulatory arbitrage, capital requirements reappear (Mishkin and Eakins 2012). This act occurs when financial institutions have a way of undermining the intent of pattern to increase profits like the bizarre risk rankings and the s hopping for a regulator. Regulatory arbitrage have together with the conflict of interest contributed to the growing instability of the financial sector. Poor lending practices caused by the changes indoors the mortgage market was a cause given that the lending authority was given to the independent contractor who were outsourced and being paid on a fee per loan. They therefore had the incentive for loaning people even without looking at their security, which banks could not do as they securitized the loans (The Guardian 2012). Recent government actions like allowing the enthronization banks to borrow at lower rates so that they could make profits by purchasing MBSs also contributed to the

Indicate the divergence about social of UK in EU Essay

Indicate the divergence about genial of UK in EU - Essay ExampleHowever, it was observed that the European mating failed to create effective fundamental machinery which affected the proper administration of its member countries. The making of the Lisbon Treaty in December 2009 created a change in the above situation. Further expansion programs helped in the creation of a faction know as the European Communities which came into effect from 1967. It was observed that the European Community was formed by the joint collaborationism of three communities which rendered its focus mainly on strengthening the economic and cultural base. The other three countries which get together the European Commission in 1973 were observed to be Denmark, Ireland and the United state. The administrative power of the European Union was given a further impetus with the enactment of the Maastricht Treaty which came into effect in 1991. People residing deep down the member countries of the European Union were conferred the European citizenship which helped them commute within the member states. However, United estate showed a steady divergence to the kindly policy measures of the European Union which highlighted on labor and other social issues. United Kingdom was found to opt-out from the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. (Profile The European Union, 2010).The United Kingdom holds a prominent billet amongst the European countries constituting the European Union. United Kingdom has held its permanent representation to the body of the European Union as UKRep. It is observed that the making of the UKRep helped in further enhancing the ties of United Kingdom to the European Union. The UKRep constituted helps United Kingdom to potentially represent itself in the body of European Union through the acts of its various representatives. The representatives of United Kingdom through UKRep help in the focusing of issues pertaining to the country by attracting

Theories and Performance Imperatives of Organizational Leadership Research Paper

Theories and Performance Imperatives of Organizational Leadership - Research Paper theoretical accountFrom this research it is clear that potent leaders support the optimal performance of a group of subordinates. They cater great value to an organization. Highly effective executives who are also known as peak performers are noned to have productiveness rates that are 25 to 50 percent high than their medium or poorly performing counterparts. Highly effective leadership is characterized by productivity, health, relational behaviour, or a combination of these factors, which result in performance at optimal level. The main goals of effective leadership are facilitating organizational goal setting and helping to achieve them, promoting optimal levels of individual motivation, commitment and satisfaction, facilitating effective interactions among individuals deep down teams, helping employees to set high goals for themselves, and place the organizations effectiveness above their own self-interests. The effective leader operates simultaneously on the performance as well as the people of the organization or unit. Performance includes the process of how things get done, the length of time taken, as well as the outcome of productivity and quality. The aim of performance is productivity, and the aim for people is health. The effective leader operates both requirements successfully, emphasizing both productivity and health. Productivity is the ratio of input to output and increased productivity has beneficial outcomes such as higher profits and market share. On the other hand, people encompasses the skills, talents, competencies and needs of the employees, leaders and other stakeholders involved with a particular corporation or organization. Health is similar to productivity in being a cake of outcome, and is manifest in both the individual as well as the corporation. For individuals, health includes physical and mental well-being, job satisfaction, and other factors (Sperry, 2003). Thus, the fundamental premise regarding effective leadership is that it is a function of both productivity and health, and they are inter-connected. By realizing the importance of the people dimension, the effective leader ensures that employees levels of commitment and morale remain high, burnout does not occur, and

Critical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical paper - Essay ExampleIn his brief story, Capote has successfully made me feel empathy with the protagonist of the story and his elder cousin, about whom the story is about, and close to whose Christmas memories it revolves.Starting his reminiscing from late November in his past, the protagonist, who is referred to as Buddy in the story, relates how her older cousin, who is not named throughout the narrative, exclaims, as she does every year, its fruitcake weather (Capote 437). The older cousin is much, much older than Buddy himself, he is seven she is sixty-something (Capote 437). Although it is never clear just who these two live with, however, it is clear that they live with their other relatives, as Buddy says other people inhabit the house, relatives and though they have power over us, and frequently put one across us cry, we are not, on the whole, too much aware of them (Capote 437). This clearly means that both of them blaspheme on each other and are friendlier to wards each other than anyone else in the house, despite the extreme years difference.They like to do things together, and the older cousin has the tradition of making fruitcakes for various people before Christmas. They are poor, and though they want to buy a lot of things to bake the cakes, there is the question of money. Neither of them has any (Capote 438). Not much is provided to them by their relatives, and what they do have, they overhear themselves by holding rummage sales, selling buckets of handpicked berries, jars of home-made multitude and apple jelly and peach preserves, rounding up flowers for funerals and weddings (Capote 438). But one way and another they do each year accumulate Christmas savings, a Fruitcake Fund (Capote 438).Buddy reminisces about how they took pains to earn any penny they could, in any way possible, relating the story of how last summer others in the house contract to pay them a penny for every twenty-five flies

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided Essay

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided - Essay ExampleMy expectations were fulfilled when I aim the chapter thoroughly as all core issues virtually iniquity and abhorrence control were there in the chapter in detail. aft(prenominal) reading the chapter, I learned the types of crimes occurring in the joined States of America, as thoroughly as the just about of the basic laws and official policies regarding crime control. The thing I liked the most in the chapter were the tables of statistics exhibit the types of crimes and number of victimizations for year some particular years. I besides liked the tables showing changes in the set of crimes from one year to another. However, I would have liked this chapter to provide a detailed knowledge of the ways to control the rate of crimes. Chapter 2 The second chapter of the book builds upon the knowledge shared in the first chapter of the book. This chapter includes a word on various perspectives of crime control and crime cont rol strategies. These perspectives provide a figure out knowledge of the significance of crime control for establishing peace. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion on the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as draws attention towards the limitations of retribution incapacitation and incapacitation of retribution. The chapter also includes a discussion on the basic goals and objectives of crime control and crime control strategies, such as, retribution, rehabilitation, incapacitation and deterrence. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the perspectives of critics and supporters about incompatible types of sentencing or crime control strategies. I did not have an idea that the chapter would also include a discussion about the causes and consequences of crimes. When I read the chapter thoroughly, my expectations were partially fulfilled as some of the issues that I had in my mind were discussed, such as, perspectives of crimes and crime c ontrol strategies, whereas the chapter did not highlight the perspectives of critics and supporters regarding appropriateness of sentencing models. After reading the chapter, I learned about the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as about the limitations of adopting different crime control strategies, such as, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence. The thing I liked in the chapter were the way causes of crimes in a caller and their impact on the minds of people and overall society were described. However, I would have liked this chapter to highlight different types of sentencing models and the views of critics on them from different angles. Chapter 3 The third chapter of the book covers the theory of conventional policing and underlying concepts. It discussed whether the strategy of hiring to a greater extent cops plays a significant role in reducing the number of crimes or not. The chapter also includes a discussion on different approaches that can be used to inc rease the effectiveness of police, such as, freeing up the resources, continuing with random or reactive policing, private security mechanisms, private policing, use of detectives, and other traditional approaches to policing. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the theory of traditional policing, as well as about the effectiveness of traditional policing in controlling the crime rate in the United States of America. I also thought that the chapter would bring into light the limitations that traditional polic

Introduction to criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to criminology - Essay characterDurkheim has regarded such a state of the society as anomie, anomie is a consideration used to consult to a society whose norms have failed and is experiencing a state of normlessness (Williams, 2012, p.341). This state is either experienced by the overall society or certain sections of the society. Anomie cannot be referred to as a cognitive state, rather it is a term used to refer to a particular property found within the social structure. The term is used to describe a societys situation where an individuals wants ar not under the regulations and norms of the society and it further describes a society where the individual does not have any skeletal system of moral code of conduct to follow while they pursue their own aims and objectives. A society that has zip norms can never outlast, but societies where the level of norms is either high or less do exist (Siegel, 2013, p.204). Durkheim even asserted that desire for wealth can le ad to conditions which might be anomic in nature as this desire makes an individual believe that in order to attain wealth, individuals have to guess on themselves, while state of poverty may restrict anomic conditions from taking place.Shaw and McKay were of the view that higher(prenominal) rate of crime was experienced in certain regions and the rate of crime in these areas remained quite shelter for longer period of time and this indicated environment that is socially disordered and they recognized these areas as zone II or zones of transition (Vito, 2012, p.143). They stated that areas that experience social disorder may lead to events of criminal activities and activities that are anti-social. Both the researchers further conducted studies to identify the factors resulted in the creation of socially disordered area. According to them there were common chord main characteristics of environment that is socially disordered, these characteristics

Exam 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

trial 1 - Term Paper ExampleIn order to establish the most applicable commentary of jurist, it is necessary to classify justice under ancient Greece philosophy by Plato, medieval Christianity philosophy by Augustine and Aquinas. In addition, early modern font philosophies by Hume and Hobbes and recent modern philosophies by Mill and Kant are crucial. justness ensures that all parties in various situations achieve what is rightfully theirs and present what they should give.Social issues include war, punishment, civil disobedience, satisfactory opportunity, slavery, international relations and property rights. Plato defines justice as a virtue that establishes rational order1. The parties involved actualize their appropriate roles while at the same time, not interfering with the functions of other parties. Aristotle contributes to this view by stating that justice is consistent and matches actions that are fair and lawful. He describes fairness as the equitable distribution of opp ortunities and correction of inequitable incidences. In Christian opinion, Augustine defines justice as a cardinal virtue that requires people to accord parties their ascribable recognition. Aquinas definition of justice presents a rational result arising from proportional distribution of opportunities and rights that balances with reciprocal transactions2. The modern perception of justice seems to vary from the mentioned definitions. According to Hobbes, justice is only an artificial asset required by the civil society that stems from an agreement between differing social implications3. Hume seconds this by stating that justice protects the society by last protecting properties. Kant, whose opinion is among the most recent definitions of justice, states that justice is achieved by respecting other peoples autonomy, liberty and dignity4. In this view, a just individual does not interfere with other peoples actions for as long as

Job Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Outsourcing - Essay congresswomanHowever, the opponents of the view that argumentation outsourcing has positive depression on the US delivery argue that hiring people exterior the US significantly affect the US economy in a negative way as it strips many Americans of tasks (Kehal, 2006). It is in the light of these arguments that this paper will discuss how job outsourcing exactly affect the US economy. Both sides of the debate have valid points. Ching (2009) observes that studies have shown that outsourcing has contributed to the loss of employment opportunities in the US. This has had detrimental effect not only to those who are minimally qualified for employment, but also to those who have the skills because even ingenious labor jobs are being outsourced to other countries (Hira and Hira, 2005). Availability of fewer jobs for unskilled and skilled workers due to job outsourcing has dire economic consequences to the US economy, especially in respect to increasing the lev els of poverty and reducing taxation revenues and consumer spending. Kehal (2006) argues that while job outsourcing may help companies to reduce costs, it may have detrimental effect on the companies in the end. This is because availability of fewer jobs due to outsourcing reduces spending power of the consumers, thereby reducing companies revenues (Hira & Hira, 2005). ... This outcome has a direct effect not only on the federal and companies spending, but also on the US economy in general. Job outsourcing also helps to lower the wages and this means that companies will be equal to(p) to do production with less(prenominal) expense, thereby transferring benefits to the consumers (Kehal, 2006). This is the point that the supporters use to dispute arguments that job outsourcing reduces the availability of job opportunities. They argue that lower prices will lead to increased consumer spending, and that companies will be in a target to hire additional workers in the United States bec ause they will be paying fewer wages for workers alfresco the country (Ching, 2009). It has also been argued that job outsourcing positively affects the US economy as it gives jobs to people in less developed countries, which improves their economies. As a result, the US is able to increase trade and investments with these countries, therefore promoting the US economy (Kehal, 2006). Besides, job outsourcing increases the ability of the less developed countries to pay back their debts to the US, which not only promotes better semipolitical relationship, but also sustainable economic cooperation and improvement (Wood & Maniam, 2009). However, it has been argued that job outsourcing tend to deteriorate the economic and political relationships with the less developed countries. This view is informed by the argument that not all people in the countries where job outsourcing is done benefit economically from the process. Some of the companies have been accused of not providing humane o perative conditions (Ching, 2009). In some cases, for instance, outsourced work may be performed in inhumane working

American Tool Works Essay Example for Free

American Tool Works EssayThis course focuses on improving the exertion of the mansion and its preparation chain through coordination among multiple sites, functions, and economic actors (customers and suppliers). Students result know how to design and implement strategies for body structure and management, both cross-functionally, with the firm, and across an industry value chain among interacting firms. These strategies include restructuring tot up chain facility meshings, coordinate information and materials flow, managing supplier relations, and managing customer order fulfillment processes.The theme of the course is that strategies that enhance integration end-to-end the supply chain can lead to improved performance (in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, quality, customer satisfaction, cost, flexibility, etc. ), providing firms with a source of competitive advantage. TEXTBOOK D. Simchi-Levi, P. Kaminsky, and E. Simchi-Levi, Designing and Managing the Supply compass Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies, 3rd ed. , McGraw Hill/Irwin, sunrise(prenominal) York, 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-298239-8.READINGSAdditional articles and cases will be made available through WebCT and http//cb. hbsp. harvard. edu/cb/access/5023124 SOFTWAREThe Beer Game make-believe software is available on the web and will be used for real-time ordering, planning, forecasting decisions in the supply chain. The Risk Pool Game is available on the CD that comes with the text. The Global Supply Chain Management Simulation is available through harvardbusinessonline. com and allows students to manage product design, procurement, and production for four simulated years. stick out will be used for inventory management, supply contracts, and for optimal resource allocation and distribution network configuration. PREREQUISITES Second year standing COURSE OBJECTIVES 1. Recognize salient challenges and opportunities for managing supply chains. 2. Become familiar with supply chain strategie s that remove been adopted by leading companies. 3. Learn to use several analytical tools to valuate tradeoffs and support decision making. METHODThis course stress those models, concepts, and solutions methods that can be applied to the design, control, operation, and management of supply chain systems. The course includes lectures, case handleions, presentations, and hands-on, practical exercises and games to provide both a sound base of acquire and an opportunity to test and develop skill. Students should do all of the assigned readings and cases before coming to class, and prepare for, and give way to, class discussions. Excel is used to support the quantitatively intensive topics. STUDENT TEAMSTeams will consist of more or less five students who will work together as the presenting and questioning teams for cases and articles as described below. The teams may allocate the work as desired, as long as all team members agree with the allocation. The team should permit a me mber know if they are not performing at an appropriate level, and should contact the instructor if problems persist. Each team member will provide the instructor with an evaluation of their team members performance at the end of the term by allocating 100 total points (no self-allocation) between the other members.This information will be used to adjust team work grades. CASE PRESENTATIONS Each student team will have the opportunity of serving as the presenting team for two of the cases and the questioning team for one of the cases that we will discuss in class. The presenting team will provide the background and content of the case, an analysis of what the company did correctly or incorrectly, and suggestions about what the company should do in the future.They should also address any questions given as fork of the case write-up or indicated by the instructor. The questioning team will be responsible for questioning the presenting team, crack alternative solutions, and for leadin g the rest of the class in a discussion of the case. The questioning team will submit a written list of questions prior to the presentation. The members of the class will be asked to assess the performance of both teams. The instructor will incorporate the class evaluations into the presentation grades.

United Nation Organization Essay Example for Free

United Nation Organization EssayUnited Nations nerve was established after World War II with a motto to maintain land stillness. And this in fact is known to every one of us in general. But the question is, was this really prospered in doing the same i.e., maintaining the peace in every part of the world or are in that respect any failures? Perhaps this is also one of the most important area to assess. Successes and Failures of the United Nations since its establishment, i guess is a very essential topic to be focused. Here are some of the positive roles contend by UN and its failures.Successes of the United NationsThe First and foremost it has prevented the occurrence of any progress world wars. Instrumental in the maintenance of international balance of power. It played a Significant role in disarming the world and making it nuclear free. Various treaty negotiations like Partial Test Ban Treaty and thermonuclear non-proliferation treaty see been signed under UN. Demi se of colonialism and imperialism on one hand and apartheid on the other had UN sanctions behind them. UN Acted as vanguard for the protection of human rights of the people of the world, Universal Declaration of tender Rights, 1948. Despite crippled by Bretton Woods Institutions, UN has played limited but effective role on economic matters. Supported the North-South dialogue and aspired for emergence of new international economic order.Agencies of United Nations like WHO, UNICFF, UNESCO have keenly participated in the transformation of the international social sector. Peace keeping operations, peaceful resolution of disputes and refugee concerns had constantly been on the list of core issues. Since 1945, the UN has been credited with negotiating 172 peaceful settlements that have ended regional conflicts. The world tree trunk was also instrumental in institutionalization of international laws and world legal frame work. Passage of various conventions and declarations on child, wo men, climate, etc, highlights the extra-political affairs of the otherwise political world body. It has successfully controlled the home in Serbia, Yugoslavia and Balkan areas. A number of peace missions in Africa has done reasonably well to control the situation.Failures of the United NationsUN opinion on Hungary and Czechoslovakia were ignored by the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1950s. Israel had been taking unilateral action through decades in its geographical vicinity and nothing substantial has come out even by September 2010. No emphatic role in crisis of worst kinds like the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam crisis etc. UN was nowhere in the limn when the NATO rained bombs over former Yugoslavia. Uni-polarity and unilateralism has shaken the relevance of the world body. Unilateral action in Iraq was bereft of UN sanction. Failed to break a universal consensus to protect the deteriorating world climate, even at Copenhagen in 2009. Number of nuclear powers in the world has kept o n increasing. UN Could not control the horizontal expansion and proliferation of weapons and arms.Financial dependence on the industrialized nations has at times deviated UN from neutrality and impartiality. The world body has failed to reflect the democratic aspiration of the world. Without world democratic itself, it talks of democratization of the world. Aids is crossing regions and boundaries both in spread and intensity. Domestic situation of near anarchy in Iraq and many regions of Afghanistan, despite on active UN. The US President proposal of withdrawal has not able to bring any specific solutions in the region. In fact, the situation has been further aggravated. The UN totally exposed in the case of US invasion on Iraq in name for the reckon weapon of mass destruction. US has withdrawn its combat forces but the law and order and mutual doubt has worsened and at this juncture UN seems to be clueless.

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism EssayA genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism which been victimisation genetic engineering techniques, and Monsanto is a publicly agricultural bioengineering company. Monsanto has a huge enamor on GMO products. Unfortunately, Monsanto is not a great company because they produce catastrophic products and lie to their customers. Absolutely, Monsanto didnt do the illegal things, but they didnt obey the ethics. As seen in the video, I would same(p) to discuss contemporary Consequentialism which depend on justice, Kantian Ethics which as a variety of deontological ethics and Social Contract Theory which depend on law to discuss Monsantos case. GMO products sounds like good for our health and economy, but some companies like Monsanto dont do well. Contemporary Consequentialism Contemporary consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories which justice takes an important role. As its name suggests, Consequentialism is the view d epend however on consequences. Justice contains divided justice and retributive justice (Driver P61). Justice concern the distribution of benefits is called distributive justice, such as taxation and health cargon.Justice concern the distribution of rewards and punishments is called retributive justice, such as good citizens awards and prison terms. The theory determining whether or not an action is right are the consequences produced by that action (Driver, 2007, p. 40) did not lead to positive consequences for the Monsanto company. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as well be about their founding in 1992. Since 1992, 37 people died and thousands more were seriously ill after subscribe to one of the GMO foods made by Monsanto.This is not only ethic issue, but also is illegal. Monsantos face was selfish and didnt induct the world a better place (Hinman, 2002). Monsanto should be punished by justice. These GMO foods are killing people by the tens of thousands and The F DA doesnt have any responds. I call in FDA is the biggest forcemeat in the U. S. Theyre turning a blind eye to their patients misery. Kantian Ethics Kantian ethics is a deontological ethical theory which proposed by Immanuel Kant.He said A good will is good not because of what it affects or accomplishes, nor because of its fitness to attain some proposed end its good only though its willing (Driver, P80). According to the video we know the world according to Monsanto. Its a very perilous phenomenon. They want the public to believe they commit supererogatory acts. We are present several scenarios where Monsantos influence on FDA and other regulatory agencies has helped them to continue their un-ethical business practices.Hinman said what is just for one should be fair for all. Monsanto doesnt care other things just want to get maximum profit with all the doable methods. This is all about money. More money is selling GMO foods to other countries that are willing to pay monument al amounts of money. Maybe local and organic fertiliser foods are healthy but at that place is no market for them. Monsanto make a decision which is opposite to Kantian ethics. Monsanto needs to know we should to keep promises even when we dont want to do.As we seen in the videos, we know no matter the starting decimal point is moral or Kantian ethics, Monsanto and its subsidiaries made some wrong decisions. Social Contract Theory Social contract theory is the view that persons moral. Social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and it is also a theory or model. Thomas Hobbs said where there is no common power there is no law, where no law, no Injustice (Driver, P102). He believed that human beings were motivated by self-interest.This document which Monsanto have claims that it has evolved from long-standing commitments to safety, environmental protection, customer service, depression-class research, and product stewardship (Robin, 2008). Monsantos document is total lie. Farmers also need to sign an organisation when they want to grow the GMO food from Monsanto. Monsanto does believe that they are ethically right in suing a minor(ip) farmer in order to preserve the balance of the farming community as a whole. Monsanto is using everyone to monopolize food and in the end with the ultimate power over everyone.I think I dont any great idea to solve this big problem. According to the video, I think just hope Monsanto doesnt decide to grow marijuana. They laughingstockt mass produce organic foods any better than they can keep Wall Street on track. We know the products which Monsanto produced should not exist. These products cant help us to make a better world. According to this theory we know first we moldiness be guarantees that people will not harm each other, and people must be able to rely on the other to keep their agreements. Absolutely, Monsanto doesnt obey the theory.ConclusionThrough the backchat about Contemporary Consequentialis m, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory, We know Monsanto didnt make a good decision between money and moral, and the FDA also help Monsanto to lie to their people. These harmful products and illegal documents must be stopped by government. Sometimes we can find the problems, but they are difficult to solve. GMO products are an awesome invention, and I think it can change our life. People are wrong, Monsanto is wrong. Monsanto cannot find an equilibrium point between ethics and business, or we can say money and moral.Many people and company were undone by the profit. We need to find a great equilibrium point and it will help us to work better and will not lose ourselves. Reference Hinman, L Ph. D. (2002) Basic moral orientations overview. indicator Point, Univerity of San Diego, San Diego, CA Driver, J. (2007). God and Human Nature. Ethics The Fundamentals (pp. 22-39). Malden, MA Blackwell. Weston, A. (2007). Creative problem-solving in ethics. New York, NY Oxford University Press. http//www. iep. utm. edu/soc-cont/.

Water contamination Essay Example for Free

Water contamination EssayContamination of the waters of Lake Erie has been going on since a real long time. Beginning from the year 1969 where legislative measures were taken up to control the pollution of the lake and protect aquatic life in it and ensure that the lake was safe for valets too, the quality of the water has undergone many changes from bad to worse. The reasons that send to the contamination, their effects on the quality of the water and the resultant damage founder been c arfully studied and examined by researchers and ecologists all over the world. Lake Erie today represents one of the worst cases of stratification and environmental pollution associated with human activities, urbanization and agriculture. Water Contamination Lake Erie is one of the smallest among the five Great Lakes in terms of its measurement. Bounded by Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States, this lake got so polluted that it made it to the headlines of the national news in t he month of June 1969.With an average depth of sixty-two feet and two hundred feet being one of the deepest parts, Lake Erie underwent extreme contamination callable to the disposal of sewage and contamination through toxic heavy metals and the usage of pesticides in agriculture. According to professor Henry Regier of the University of Toronto (1993), When you die you will be replaced by billions and billions of living microbes. You will be reorganized in a different form. That is what is happening to Lake Erie.There is a dead zone occupying perhaps one-quarter of the central can of the lake. This area is not really dead. In 2004 again, more than eight billion gallons of storm water and untreated sewage was discharged into the waterways of the Lake Erie basin. These were laden with harmful bacterium like Salmonella, disease-causing parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium and deadly viruses like the Hepatitis-A virus. In 2005, unsafe levels of E. coli bacteria were found in the waters of the lake.Lake Erie was severely affected by industrial runoff that one of its tributaries, the Cuyahoga River, caught fire in the year 1969, which lead to the Clean Water Act of 1972. From becoming a victim to the damaging effects of sewage disposal through other sources, Lake Erie along with the other assistant Great Lakes has tuned into a large source of contamination by itself today. The Great Lakes are now a source of many chemicals to other regions of the globe (The International Air Quality Advisory Board, 1998).Areas in Canada and Scandinavia and beyond are in danger due to the chemicals from Lake Erie that infiltrated them through the air. Though there exists a possibility that the pollutants are changing from volatile chemicals into gases dispersed by the winds, there is no hope that the contamination will arise to and end. Don McKay (1998), a member of the Canadian board stated, The contamination is merely taking up a new address and isnt really going awa y. We will not be able to say weve eliminated these pesticides from our environment. Where youve got more pollutant, its going to go to where there is less. N aboriginal forty percent of the swimmers suffered from nausea, diarrhoea, stomachaches and headaches after a swim in lake Erie. Due to the environmental contamination, the upper water layer reached temperatures of 26 C while the lower layers have a temperate of 6-8 C. This has lead to stratification, the death of planktons, the production of deadly gases in which the deadly spore-forming bacteria botulinum thrives and zebra, quagga mussels do not survive in the waters of lake Erie beyond a day or two. More than half the area of the lake is now anoxic which means there is less than 0.5 mg of dissolved oxygen per litre of water. There is a hypothesis that the contamination of the lake began as early as post the Second World War because of the agents and chemicals used in killing the insects and bugs in the like fields. After th e Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972 was signed, the phosphorous levels of Lake Erie decreased significantly to 1mg/ L of water. According to Gordon Durnil (1998-1992), It is clear to us that persistent toxic substances have caused widespread injury to the environment and to human health.As a society we can no longer afford to tolerate their presence in our environment and in our bodies. Hence, if a chemical or group of chemicals is persistent, toxic and bio accumulative, we should immediately begin a process to eliminate it. Since it seems impossible to eliminate discharges of these chemicals through other means, a policy of banning or sun setting their manufacture, distribution, storage, use and disposal appears to be the only alternative. References David Dolan, M. (1993). Point source loadings of phosphorus to Lake Erie. ledger of Great Lakes Research (Vol. 19, no. 2, 212-223). Retrieved from www. iaglr. org Katherine Rizzo, (1998) Reversal of fortune Great Lakes now s ource of pollution elsewhere The Associated Press. Retrieved from www. centuryinter. net/tjs11/hist/lakes2. htm Walter Stewart (2003) Great Lakes Article After years of good news, Lake Erie is once again under besieging this time from biological pollution. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved from www. greatlakesdirectory. org/on/101603_great_lakes. htm

Radio Frequency Identification Essay Example for Free

Radio oftenness Identification EssayThe literature review is a very important introductory task in order to gain adequate information and perspectives on the relevant area of the research. This review summarizes updated comprehensive and overcritical discussions of each and other material related to the topic. This literature review brings clarity, focus and it improves the conceptualization of the research job making it understandable. The literature review also improves the methodology as it reveals a similar type of research, which recommends the procedures and methods to moderate the problems. Foreign RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Principles and Applications RFID is a complete system that is composed of important components the RFID tags, the RFID readers or transceivers, and the database. The tags carry object-identifying data. RFID readers or transceivers can read and write tag data, while the database stores records that is used for tag identification. (Weis, S., 2007)RFID tags can be split into three classes based on their top executive source nimble, semi-passive and passive. Active tags have their make source of power source, such as a battery, and can initiate converse to a reader or other active tags. Semi-passive tags also have their own internal battery, but they are unable of initiating communication. This ensures that it is only active when readers query it. Passive tags have neither a power source nor a capability of initiating communication but are the cheapest among the three. (Weis, S., 2007)RFID systems can operate at a variety of radio frequencies. Each of these frequencies has its own operating range, power requirements and performance. Low Frequency, or LF, operates at 120-149 KHz and have a read outdo of 10-20 cm. High Frequency, or HF, operates at 12.56 MHz and have a read distance of 10-20 cm. Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) operates at 868-928 MHz and has a range of 3 meters. Microwave operates at 2.45 and 5.78 GHz and can read up to 3 meters. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) operates at 3.1-10.6 GHz and has a read distance of 10 meters.

Compilation Report Essay Example for Free

Compilation Report EssayWe have compiled the accompanying balance sheet of Proli Footwear, Inc. as of December 31, 2014, and the related statements of income and retained earnings and cash flows for the year then ended. We have not audited or reviewed the accompanying monetary statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or go away any toast about whether the financial statements are in accordance with accounting principles loosely accept in the fall in States of America. counselling is responsible for the preparation and fair intromission of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. Our responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review run issued by the American Institute of Certif ied Public Accountants.The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. Management has elected to omit substantially all of the disclosures and the statements of cash flows required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. If the omitted disclosures and the statements of cash flows were included in the financial statements, they might influence the users conclusions about the Companys financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Accordingly, these financial statements are not designed for those who are not informed about much(prenominal) matters.

Into the Wild Essay Example for Free

Into the Wild EssayJon Krakauer, the author of Into the Wild, and Chris McCandless, the principal(prenominal) character, share very similar stories and personalities. The best was in which these similarities are depicted is in chapters 14 and 15, when Krakauer inserts himself into the story. In these chapters Krakauer highlights a lot of parallels between himself and McCandless and through these highlights we can look at Krakauer as a presumable biographer because he has a mysticer understand for McCandlesss motivations. Krakauer and McCandless let very similar obstacles and backgrounds which is exemplified in chapter 14. both(prenominal) workforce at one point in life sought isolation, and more specifically, sought isolation with nature. Both thought they had something to prove, may it be to themselves or those around them.I was twenty-three, a year younger than Chris McCandless when he walked into that Alaska bush (Krakauer, 135). They are both two young men going out in to the wilderness nerve-racking to live on their own and accomplish their own desired feat. Krakauer believed that since they shared similar challenges and characteristics, that their emotions and thoughts may have been the same too. No one really knows what McCandless was thinking at the time and Krakauer believes that he mat some loneliness from time to time. Krakauer once believed that he could live without people and friends just like McCandless though, but Krakauer admits that every once in a while he felt lonely so he infers that McCandless must have felt this same loneliness during his time in the wilderness.Krakauer also wants to elicit the parity of their relationships with their fathers. My father was a volatile, extremely complicated person, possessed of a brash demeanor that masked deep insecurities (147). Both have fathers that they did non quite get along with and had tough relationships with. This also adds more believability to Krakauer as a biographer as he sha res yet another thing in common with McCandless. The motives of both characters are another important connection that must be made both characters shared resiliency and were goaded to succeed. Krakauers own account is now made even more crucial to the platter as we now see that both characters shared similar motives and mindsets.After being denied once by Devils Thumb Krakauer is still determined to climb to the top. In truth my escapade on the north face had rattled me, and I didnt want to go up the Thumb over again at all. But the thought of returning to Boulder in defeat wasnt very likeable either (146). This can be compared to McCandlesss strong belief in his ability to survive. McCandlesss journeying had not been an easy one and he had not been very successful, yet he was still determined in his abilities and would not give in.The fact that Krakauer also shares a similar mindset as McCandless derives his finding of fact about McCandlesss life that much more credible. Kr akauers most important claim is that McCandless did not commit suicide. Even though McCandless states in his final postcard to Westerberg that he may never make it out alive, he still strongly belives in his own abilities. McCandless was under the false notion that, if he was able to survive everything so far, then he could survive the rest of his journey.

From Corded to Cordless Essay Example for Free

From Corded to Cordless demonstrateFrom the construction site to the home, the electricalal action is a everydayly used tool in todays society. The electric drill has been refined throughout the last century to form a tool that is both respective(a) and aesthetic totallyy pleasing. The 20th century drill has come a long way from it 19th Century predecessors.Australian, Arthur James Arnot, patented the worlds first electric drill in 1889. Arnots electric drill could perform all the tasks of an ordinary drill but with much greater efficiency. Then in 1895, German, Wilhelm Fein invented the first cordless (DC) electric drill. A cordless electric drill is a type of electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries, i.e. commit current (DC). Feins drill could spin a 1200 rpm (revolutions per minute) and relied on the user to press against the back of the drill in order to achieve good leverage. These early designed were not ergonomically tested and an issue set up because the drills were somewhat heavy due to the metal (mainly steel) components. It was not till the early 1900s that the heavy steel out-of-door was replaced with the much lighter aluminum.Early cordless (DC) drills used Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. NiCd batteries have a limited lifespan, self outflow and ultimately will internally short circuit due to dendrite growth. This poses a hazard when disposing of such NiCd batteries. It was for this evidence and others that there was a move from NiCd batteries to Lithium ion batteries at the setoff of the 21st Century. The main advantage of development Lithium ion batteries is the dramatically shorter charging time and the longer lifespan. Lithium ion batteries also make the drill much to a greater extent(prenominal) versatile because unlike NiCd batteries, Lithium ion batteries have a constant discharge rate.The year 1917 marked the beginning of the designs we see today. Black and Decker patented a trigger like switch mounted on a pisto n-grip, the first hand held drill of its kind. This innovative design helped to increase productivity as the user had a free hand to perform tasks that, previously, may have required another person.The 1930s/40s saw a boom in the mass production of electric drills. The electric drill was made available to a greater number of people around the world. Societys homeowners wanted to take a more active fiber in the maintenance and repair of their homes. Mass production of the electric drill lead to the development of more powerful, more efficient, more versatile electric drills.Society at the time had a great cushion on the design and aesthetics of the electric drill. Manufacturers realized that they could not sell industrial looking tools to common homeowners, so product materials began to change during this time. Manufacturers started to use plastic, which considerably reduced the weight and very much added to the appealingness of the electric drill.The use of plastic also had an ev en greater positive effect, which was to prevent the user from detriment an electric shock if the electric drill was the short circuit. The exterior of the electric drill was also extensively changed, as societys homeowners wanted products that were aesthetically pleasing. Hence the lustrous yellow base color and contrasting unrelenting grip of most modern electric drills. The willingness of manufactures to change their design to accommodate the consumer desires is a reflection of societys tinge on the design of the electric drill.BibliographyWikipediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrillInternet(Accessed 290208)www.bharatbhasha.comhttp//www.bharatbhasha.com/education.php/48809Internet(Accessed 290208)By Andrew Cutlerhttp//shl.stanford.edu3455/TenThings/820Internet(Accessed 020308)http//shl.stanford.edu3455/TenThings/914Internet(Accessed 020308)

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essay Example for Free

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essayafter introducing the principle earns ( expeditious, formal, material, final), Aristotle talks about pass off and spontaneousness in Book II, (Physics) for the purpose of investigating their repoint among the said beats. Aristotle bases his enquiry on the card that in history, these terms be conflictive in their interpretation. Some stack say that everything that we consider luck or spontaneity re exclusivelyy has few underlying definite arrive. til now on that point are new(prenominal) people, such as Empedocles, who invoke witness when describing the physics of air or some, who ascribe this heavenly sphere and all the worlds to spontaneity (196a 25). In setting out to elucidate the character of these terms and their place among the causes, Aristotle contends that accident and spontaneity are non explanatory causes of their own, but concurrent causes. By drawing from Aristotles view on nature and del iberate roleion, this essay sets out to develop a clear understanding of the term concurrent in relation to befall and spontaneity. Aristotle begins his account with the basic observation that some things of all time hail in the uniform focus and some things occur for the most agency in the same way.Yet some occurrences are exceptional-this third category, according to Aristotle, is the class of chance and spontaneity as there is a third class of events besides these two-events which all say are by chance-it is plain that there is such a thing as chance and spontaneity (196b 12-14). He continues to state that events that occur, but that do not occur as a direct chair of intent (thought) or nature, but rather incidentally, are said to be by chance (196b 24). Here, we stooge mark what constitutes an event of chance or spontaneity.It hangms that when the specific cause does not yield the intend lead always or for the most part, then the result is produced by chance or sponta neity. Conversely, when the cause does yield the intended result always or for the most part, then chance or spontaneity has not affected the branch. At this point, it is necessary to distinguish chance from spontaneity. Clearly then, when events directed towards an end do not come in to pass for the sake of what actually results, and (3) have an external cause (197b 18-19) we ascribe this to spontaneity and chance.Chance follows this same structure, but differs only in that the external cause is the deliberate intent of sagacious worlds. In other words, chance exists only for agents that are fit of good fortune and of moral actions (197b 1-2) for rational beings that are capable of intelligent deliberation (197a 2). Spontaneity, on the other hand, is found both in the lower animals and in galore(postnominal) inanimate objects (197b 14-15). Before analyzing the way that chance and spontaneity are concurrent causes, it is necessary to understand Aristotles example of the house and house builder.The in force(p) (and determinable) cause is that which can build the house, while the concurrent cause (the builders skin tone or musical ability) is numberless in range, (and thus is indeterminable). By concurrent cause, it follows that chance and spontaneity are indeed some form of cause, for just as a thing is something either in virtue of itself or incidentally, so it may be a cause (196b 25-26). Aristotle further states that they (chance and spontaneity) come to pass among events which are for the sake of something. 196b 30-31) Thus, chance and spontaneity are causes by virtue of concurrence with a principle cause, and occur simultaneously with events directed towards an end. Yet, what does it mean to say that chance or spontaneity occur concurrently with a cause directed towards an end? First, we will check over chance as a concurrent cause. In the example in chapter 5, a human being goes to the marketplace with a specific purpose (to buy fruits for ex ample), and by chance, he meets his debtor and collects subscriptions for a feast.According to Aristotle, if he had gone(a) of deliberate purpose and for the sake of this to collect the money-if he always or normally went there when he was collecting payments-he would not be said to have gone by chance. (197a 4-6) We have schematic that, for this event to be one that occurred by chance, it is necessary both that the man travel to the market with a purpose other than to collect the money, and that the man not frequent the market with this purpose. It follows that collecting the money is not a cause present in himself (197a 1) because it is not his intent at the time.Thus, we only invoke chance when the event is not intended to occur by the rational agents touchd. It seems that the event can be explained by the coinciding of each of the individuals efficient causes. In the case of chance, and not spontaneity, we are dealing with those actions for the sake of something which involv e purpose (197a 6) implying intelligent reflection. This is important to note, as the individual causes of each person stems from their own intelligent deliberations-the haracterizing divagation between spontaneity and chance. In Ethics (III), Aristotle argues that humans have control over their own actions, that they are able to choose the means to their end in view. Applied to this scenario, the act of going to buy fruits (the efficient cause) by the collector, and the separate efficient cause of the debtor, queered to produce an unintended encounter. Yet exactly how chance occurs concurrently is still ambiguous-for it seems that chance is just an observation of the unlikelihood of the two events coinciding.Clearly the conclusion here is that chance does not provide the true cause of the meeting, it is not the cause-without qualification-of anything (197a 14). Aristotles example in chapter 5, in which the blanch or the musical (196b 27) are incidental causes of the house builde r, seems to be analogous to the example of the market place. By this, it seems that chance occurs concurrently with any or one of the 4 causes in the same way that musical talent is a concurrent cause of the house. Plainly, the house builders skin tone or musical ability does not provide an explanatory cause for the construction of the house.There are an infinite number of accidental traits that the builder could have which would be inappropriate to the construction of the house. Thus, the only way to see this chance as concurrent is to conclude that it is simultaneously present in the builder (who is an efficient cause). By equivalence, the causes of the mans coming and getting the money are innumerable (197a 16), (for he could have gone to the market for many reasons). Yet, it is clear that only one intended action could cause the un goalal result of the meeting.Given these assertions, it seems correct to say that events occurring by chance are un well-read (the agent had no inte ntion of this result at that time). The reason for this is because the primary causes are intentional. In the building of a chair, for example, Aristotle would agree that all 4 causes are intentional for the creator intends a final purpose for the chair, builds it purposefully with a genuine material, builds it according to a form which he has chosen, and knows that he is the cause of its existence as a chair.Thus, the causes of events are always intentional, while chance events are unintentional (on the part of the rational agents) and like the accidental traits of the builder, occur simultaneously with the primary causes. Given that there are an infinite number of acts that a rational being may choose, it is clear that only some of these actions can result in an event of chance. As Aristotle puts it some incidental causes are more relevant than others (197a 24). It follows that we invoke chance only when the purposeful actions of a rational agent coincide with other actions and p roduce an unintended event.Thus, it now seems reasonable to say that only a specific chance cause (going to buy fruits) could produce the event deemed cunning (the meeting). Since only some intentional acts will result in an event of chance, (an event unintended by the persons actions), it makes spirit to say that a chance cause occurs simultaneously in the individual with the efficient cause, for it is this cause in him (the efficient cause) that leads him to the unlikely result. It is at this point that we turn to spontaneity, which according to Aristotle, is in the realm of lower animals and the inanimate-things incapable(p) of deliberate intention.Aristotle views natural things as those which, by a continuous movement originated from an internal principle, arrive at some completion (199b 18). He uses the example of the doctor doctoring himself to illustrate how natural things have within them a final cause, by which form guides material to achieve this end (Physics II8). So while man can deliberately choose a means to an end, and in doing so may accidentally intersect with another individual and deem their encounter chanceful, natural things do not deliberately chose.The natural doubtfulness is seeking an end (199a 5)- but this final cause within the natural thing is not a deliberate choice of intelligent deliberation. Unless impeded by a chance natural event that is irrelevant to the end in view, the natural bring will realize its end for nature does nobody in vain, nothing superfluous (On the Heavens). The rain clouds forming and dropping over the crops for example, are not the result of chance of spontaneity (198b 19). All natural things have a function in a greater unit and within their being have a final cause to which they form.It is for this reason that Aristotle says that when a natural butt does not attain its end according to its final cause, the means to this accidental result were in vain (197b 24). How does spontaneity occur concurrent ly then? Since natural things have a cause that operates for a purpose (196b 32), it must be when this end is not attained, as we have seen, that spontaneity has occurred concurrently. In the case of chance, as we have seen, the event of chance occurs because humans have an infinite number of actions to chose from.With nature, however, Aristotle does not suggest that nature itself has a deliberate intention. Necessarily then, it is when a natural process is affected by another natural process or human deliberation that it diverts from its final cause, and in doing so, can produce events of spontaneity. Thus, while a human may chose the way in which he achieves his end, and in doing so may unknowingly chose an action which will lead to an improbable event, natural things change from potentiality to actuality in strict accordance with the final cause within them.Spontaneity occurring concurrently with another cause of a natural thing does not constitute a fifth cause, but is only an i ndication that the process did not follow completely its natural course (its final cause) and was impeded by an external event (either natural or a result of intelligent deliberation). Conclusively, chance occurs concurrently with the efficient cause of the individual in the sense that it is a simultaneously present, for only this specific efficient cause could lead to the chance event.Chance is however not an explanatory cause of its own, and the event considered chanceful can be explained solely with the individual efficient causes of the persons. Spontaneity occurring concurrently is thus identical to the way chance occurs concurrently, yet natural processes have specific inherent purposes-they are not events resulting from deliberate intent. As a result, spontaneity is said to occur when natural processes do not attain their end (the process was in vain), and are affected by an external event (deliberate or natural), thus producing an improbable event.

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy Essay Example for Free

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy EssayThose sympathetic toward the British dissenters and slender of the aristocratic foundations of eighteenth-century British life have found it easy enough to dismiss Burkes arguments as a simple defense of Whig oligarchy. 1 But Burkes article of faith that religion and companionship, church and state, stood or fell together was altogether the latest and perhaps most eloquent expression of a real old tradition in totally of Christendom.For men of Burkes temperament, the slighton was finally driven home by the general weakening of apparitional establishments in America after the Revolutionparticularly the formal disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Virginiaand the assault on religion by the French Revolution. 2 It is probably to a greater extent difficult for Americans, whose government and partnership rest precisely on the very political philosophy and religious nonconformity which Burke opposed, than f or citizens of more historically grounded nations, to view his defense of naturalised religion and the confessional state with great sympathy.But in this authors view, it is well worth the attempt. Jacques Maritain observed nigh 40 years ago that while the confessional state may have only constituted the legal earlier than the living, vital form of medieval sacral civilization, nevertheless medieval man and woman entered civil society and citizenship only through membership in the Church. Modern man and woman are citizens regardless of religious affiliation.Maritain cited the view of the distinguished Catholic theologian, Charles Journet, who distinguished between the Christian state which was at the service of practiced and truth, and the modern state which justifies itself in the service of freedom and the realization of human dignity. According to Journet It would be unseasonable to describe medieval times as those of a confusion between the spiritual and the temporal . . . Their interrelations were characterized in medieval society by the fact that the spiritual order did not confine itself to acting on the temporal as a regulator of political, social and cultural values.It tended . . . to become . . . a comp 1nt gene in the structure of society . . . Those who did not visibly belong to the Church were from the first dismissed society the heathen over the frontiers, the Jews into ghettos. Those who, having first been Christians, afterwards broke with the Church, as heretics or schismatics, constituted a a great deal greater dangerthey shook the very bases of the new society and appeared as enemies of the public safety. 3 All justification of views encouraging the need for the true faith to force compliance comes in the last analysis from St.Augustine. Peter brownness has called him the first theorist of the Inquisition and explains that his pessimism and belief in predestination allowed him to disbelieve in the wisdom of permitting fallacy to do battle freely with truth in a competition of ideas, the preferred choice of a John Milton, perhaps of a John Locke, and of all liberals. Augustine was convinced that sinful man required tighten handling, in his term discipline. This was how God had ruled Israel, and Christian society could do no less.4 Burke himself, during the burning excitement of the French Revolution, did not shrink from praising even the Spanish Inquisition, along with Joseph de Maistre, finding that as to the clergy, they are the only thing in Spain that looks like an independent order, and they are kept in some respect by the Inquisition, the sole but unhappy resource of pub-lick tranquility and order now be in Spain. As in Venice, it is become mostly an engine of State, which, indeed, to a degree, it has always been in Spain.It wars no longer with Jews and Hereticks It has no such war to carry on. Its great object is to keep atheistic and republican doctrines from making their way in that kingdom. 5 In vi ew of the fact that for St. Thomas Aquinas nothing less than the Eucharist created the civic community, and because the conservative model of the good society was always medieval Europe, can one doubt that religion must lie at the foundation of the conservative understanding of citizenship? 6 Perhaps no one has understood the religious foundations of citizenship as well as J. G. A. Pocock.His analysis deserves our full attention To those for whom all intolerance is ridiculous and unnecessary, it is hard to imagine a world in which differences in religious belief had serious political consequences but if Jesus Christ were less than an equal person of the holy and undivided Trinity, still more if he were a divinely appointed human being and not himself divine, thither could be no thought that the Churchany Churchwas part of his continuing divine presence on earth, or in any corporate sense part of the presence of God among men.Religion could only be a community of belief or opinion a mong those who voluntarily held beliefs or opinions in common it could not be the institutional form of a communion between God and men . . . . Richard Price desired more than toleration for Protestant Dissenters he desired a full equality of civil rights, irrespective of denominational membership or doctrinal subscription.

Group members documents Essay Example for Free

gathering members documents EssayWhen I compared with my group members documents, we had the same format of explaining simply the bits that were different was that how much information each one had allow ind. Also I found that I did not included a telephone take whom to contract if the campaigner is not satisfy with the pass on. This was lacking from my document as we though it is very classic to give feedback if the prognosis arent happy with the company.We chose Chelsie letter because her letter stood divulge among us and she in any case explained in particular proposition why the candidate was rejected in a very polite way and thanking the candidate double one in the beginning and the other at the end. Also the fact that she has broken down into split ups explaining on the matter fact that why the the reason of not being successful. She has also express that the company likes the candidate potentiality but there was another person who suited the best position so thus she has explained that the candidate go forth be kept in a file making known when a vacuity arise the company will inform the candidate.By this it gives a little hope or a chance for the candidate that the company likes the candidate and they do not want to loose a potential candidate so therefore they kept the candidate to a hold position. Which I approximate will be easier for the company later on because they do not need to go through the interview process again when wanting to recruit a staff. The use of short simple paragraph also makes us choose her document. In the rejection letter it has included a brief compend of why the candidate is rejected and wishes the candidate best of look in the future for further career.For the induction programme I believe my document has included all the necessary information that needs to be included in an induction document. I included a logo and picture of the staff members. This is because it will help rear the look of the doc ument as well as represents the company staff which in a result it will look interesting to read and candidate know the company dress code. The company follows the healthy legislation as ASDA employ all kind of people to give everyone an equal opportunity to spirt in the company. Which you can see in the picture.I used bold and bigger font sizing for the main(prenominal) heading as it will make it stand out from rest of the document. Furthermore, I also used bullet vertexs so that it makes a lot easier for the candidate to read and understand not only that they will be able to see it quicker and transmit the main points without having to read thoroughly which leads to slight time consuming. I divided the parts into sections such as what the first day will include and the second day etc. Which will be helpful for the candidate to know before feed as they can get to prepare earlier.When comparing my document with my group members I found out that all of us had quite a similar d ocuments. Only the layout and designs of the documents were different making it easier for us to choose. pickings it consideration more or less that we chose Arry document because we felt his document was very professional. This is because he has used text buffet and simple language with short paragraphs and bullet points to make it easier for the reader to read. Also dividing each of the information into triplet bits makes it more helpful to understand because it sates what each paragraph represents.The most important part that made us choose was that he included a time table for the candidate to follow which is very useful because it allows the candidate to follow what will be held in that day and it is less likely for the candidate to get lost in the place. For the motivational package again I believe in my document I turn over stated all the information that needs to be in a motivational document. once more in the document I included a logo and a picture of the company main managers and supervisors. Which makes the document look attractive.I prevail included all the financial and non financial benefits that the company offers to the candidates. For lawsuit I have included them in using bullet points and in short paragraphs explaining in brief summary what each benefits counts and what candidate are able to get. When comparing my document with my group members I think that my document is lacking with so many different points. For example I do not have a front cover for the motivational document which now I think it is important to have as it reflects the overall page of the document.I have not stated a brief summary about what benefits candidate can get and how they can apply to. I have just stated some and the very popular benefits. I also havent included all the benefits that the company offers to the candidate which in result candidate wont be able to know all their benefits which I think it is a very serious matter to take action on to the compan y if they do not amply explain the benefits. There are many things that I need too improve in lay out for my document to look professional as good as my group members document.For the motivational package I personally think that I have created the worst document and it is not created to a high beat level among all other previous documents I have produced. I believe that is why for my motivational document it was not chosen by the group members as my documents information were too many missing. So therefore, for the final document we chose Chelsie document. This is because her document is the best among us. Such as she has a massive spot about the motivation as how to encourage staff to work harder to earn the benefits that the company offers to them.We believe that the whole point of the motivational package is to encourage staff to work hard. Her document is well structured in informing the full summary of the benefits the candidate are entitle to which makes it very informativ e. The use of short and simple paragraph makes it even look better as you can quickly read and get the information spendthrift and its quite straight forward. The rest of our document has also got the relevant information but not that detail like Chelsie. So therefore we chose Chelsie document for the final version of our group document.

What Is The Organizational Justice Theory Commerce Essay

What Is The arrangemental Justice Theory Commerce Es showOrganizational jurist hypothesis provides a model by dint of which scholarships of citadelhrightness and fair-mindedness by those affected by change potful be explored and belowstood. OJT combines social mental theories and psychological contract models to explain fairness judgments. Based on an singles perception of fairness within their organization, iii typologies of OJT restrain been defined i) Distributive justice refers to the beholdd fairness of decision outcomes and is judged by measuring whether rewards be proportional to costs (Homans, 1961, cited in Colquitt, 2006), whether outcomes abide to expectations (Blau, 1964, cited in Colquitt, 2006), and whether outcome/input proportionalitys match those of a proportion near other (Adams, 1965). ii) Procedural justice refers to the perceive fairness of decision-making procedures and is judged by gauging whether procedures atomic number 18 accurate, con sistent, unbiased, and castigate equal to(p) (Leventhal, 1980, cited in Colquitt, 2006), and opened to employee input (Thibaut Walker, 1975, cited in Colquitt, 2006) iii) Interactional justice refers to the perceived fairness of the performance or death penaltys of procedures (Bies Moag, 1986, cited in Colquitt, 2006). Implications of prejudicial justice perceptions could be seen in an individuals behavioral response to perceived injustice of rewards. Based on supervene upon theories of organizational and social behavior, individuals volition oppose the ratio of their inputs (e.g. education, skills, effort, experiences) to outcomes (e.g. feed, promotion, recognition) with that of a de nonive other, and bequeath strive to repair their perceived balance of rewards through a behavioral response.An organizations policies oft signal what the organization believes to be heavy and dissolve enhance employees trust and confidence in the organization (Tyler and Lind, 1992, cit ed in Brown. Et al., 2010). Individuals brush off look to the fairness of organizational policies in vagabond to gain insight into the face of care forment they can expect to percolate from the organization. Fair policies not only establish what the organization considers to be appropriate treatment but policies withal build employees expectations that this treatment provide occur (Sitkin and Bies, 1994, cited in Brown. Et al., 2010). Unfair policies, in contrast, can signal to employees that they strength experience unfairness and/or have difficulty meeting their needs in the organizational environment. Although individuals may consider procedural justice to determine the probability of future(a) mistreatment, we argue that policies provide a to a greater extent(prenominal) than reliable source as policies are relatively stable, enduring, and often provide explicit guidelines for future treatment by the same or other managers in the organization.2.1 Details of cases (Cr itical thinking questions no.5, pp 109)Several value exemplifications are upset that the saucily hired representative with no previous experience pass on be give $3,000 a year above the usual starting net in the pay range. The segment manager explained that the new hire would not accept the debut- take aim rate, so the comp each raised the hug drug by $3,000. All five-spotsome-spot reps currently substantiate salaries near the top of the scale ($15,000 higher than the new recruit), although they on the whole started at the nominal starting salary a few years earlier. Use right theory to explain why the five service representatives have in rectitude in this situation.3. Problem Identification by Niek Ling Keong right theory focuses on the concept of how hard a some unmatchable is willing to have is dependent on their perception of what is fair or just when compared to others (Redmond, 2010). In the early sixties, John Stacey Adams proposed that employee motivating is impacted by whether or not the employee believes that their employment benefit/rewards (output/outcomes) are at least cost to the amount of the effort they put into their cast (input). If an employee believes their outputs are not equal to or greater than their input, thencece the employee will become de- propel. Employees will often compare their inputs and outputs to a peer within the organization when sound judgment whether or not the outputs that they receive are fair. In this case, five service representatives feel inequity in their company because they did not get high salary ($3,000) compared to those new recruits even though they all started at the minimum level few years earlier. When a soulfulness perceives his/her input/outcome ratio to be unequal with a comparison other, inequity results, they may choose to use cognitive (e.g., adjust perceptions of referent others inputs or outcomes) or behavioral (e.g., increasing or change magnitude inputs) approaches to resol ve the inequity. However, individuals subjected to the same unfair situations often respond in different ways, suggesting that there may be individual conflicts in sensitivity to inequity (Redmond, 2010).Specifically, research suggests that individuals are differentially sensitive to disparities in outcome/input ratios between themselves and their referents, which helps to explain why there are differences in reactions among individuals to the same unfair situations.Equity theory can be impoverished down into four basic schemes (Huseman, Hatfield, Miles, 1987, cited in Redmond 2010)1. Individuals develop their perception of fairness by calculating a ratio of their inputs and outcomes and then comparing this to the ratio of others (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Inputs are the value proposition of individuals, such as their productivity, time, and education. some other examples include the experience, knowledge, ability, qualifications and ambition of the individual (Cory, 2006). Outc omes are the rewards an individual receives. These rewards can be tangible, such as financial allowance, or intangible, such as recognition or job security. The comparable other could be a co-worker, a relative, the indus label average, a friend, or even a group of individuals (Adams, 1963). The comparable other can even be oneself in a past job (Adams, 1963). For example, an individual may not perceive he is being treated fairly when he works 40 hours per week (input) and receives $500 in pay (output) while his co-worker works 30 hours per week and receives $650 in pay. In this critical question, the five representatives think that those new recruits dont have previous experience, same with them who start work at the minimum level few years ago. However, the salary have by those newly hired representatives are higher than the salary earned by senior representatives.2. If the relative ratios are perceived by the individual to be unequal, then inequity exists (Huseman, et. al., 1 987). According to equity theory, an individual needs to perceive that the ratios of their contributions are weighted fairly ascertain by equal ratios. Equity is all most balance (Spector 2008). Equity is present when a person feels that they are receiving the appropriate amount of outcomes from their inputs, when compared to their chosen comparison other. Inequity exists when there is a perceived difference in the ratios of inputs and outcomes. Two specific types of inequity exist underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity. Underpayment inequity occurs when an individual perceives that their ratio is small than their comparison other they are getting less for their inputs. For example, if someone feels they are putting in more effort or working harder than a co-worker, yet they earn equal or less pay, their perceived ratios will be different and that person will experience underpayment inequity. In contrast, overpayment inequity tips the scales in the other direction. For e xample, someone will feel they are being paid too much considering their work, when compared to the work and compensation of a co-worker. This can cause feelings of guilt and the ratios used for comparison are based upon the perception of an individual, and not an objective measure of inputs and outcomes. Additionally, the choice of a comparison other is also the subjective selection of the individual. go in this case, the senior representatives feel inequity of overpayment exists ascribable to the higher salary in comparative ratios to the newly representatives.3.As the difference in inequity profits, the tension and di adjudicate felt by an individual will increase (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Smaller differences of inequity are more tolerable than significant differences of inequity. Not every person will experience equity or inequity in the same way because state have varying tolerance levels or sensitivity to perceived situations of inequity. Three types of individuals have be en identified along an equity sensitivity scale compassionate, equity sensitives, and entitled (Huseman, et. al.,1987). Benevolents are more tolerant of underreward (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Equity sensitives follow the norm of equity theory and favor their ratios to be equal to their comparison other (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Entitleds prefer to be in over-reward situations and want their ratio to exceed that of their comparison other (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Entitleds frequently have the attitude that the world owes them a favor, so they will freely accept and seek out over-reward situations. In this critical study of question, five representatives are perceived as entitleds since they still think the company owes them a good turn although they earn $15,000, which is near the top scale of salary and is higher than the new recruits.4.The greater tension an individual feels due to perceived inequity, the harder they will work to decrease their tension and increase perceived levels of equity (Huseman, et. al., 1987). Most individuals will try to action equity by adjusting their own inputs and outcomes, or attempting to change the inputs or outcomes of the comparison other. Individuals can use behavioral processes or cognitive processes in order to attempt to restore equity. Examples include decreasing productivity at work, finding a new job, asking for a wage increase, changing the comparative other, or attempting to distort or justify changes in their perceptions of inputs and/or outcomes (Adams, 1963). The means of reducing inequity will vary depending on the situation and will not all be equally satisfying to an individual (Adams, 1963).4. Source of the problem by Ng Hui Minga. ExplanationEquity theory deals with two questions (1) What do volume think is fair and equitable? And (2) How do they respond when they feel they are getting far more or far less from their family relationships than they deserve? How do they react when they see their fellows harv esting undeserved benefits or enduring undeserved suffering? Interestingly, Lind and Van den Bos (2002, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010) conceptualized the integration of justice with stress through enigmaticty focal point theory. This model can be summarized by the following principle people use fairness to manage their reactions to uncertainty, finding comfort in related or even uncorrelated fair experiences and finding additional suffering in unfair experiences (Lind and Van den Bos, 2002 216, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010). In other words, work uncertainty is perceived as a threatening situation for employees. In this setting, employees scat to seek certainty and security, and one way to obtain them is through developing fairness judgements that make the uncertain event more predictable. Organizational justice is an effective tool to reduce the feelings of uncertainty and, therefore, lessen the discomfort to a great extent (Elovainio et al., 2005 Judge and Colquitt, 2004 Thau et al., 2007, cited in Sora, B. et al. 2010). In this case, the inequity judgment by those five service representatives that new employees will be getting more pay of salary has caused them to feel unsecure. This is say so because the salaries earn by new recruits now are higher than the time senior representative earned. They worry that those newly hired workers will earn much than them in a very concisely time since the newly recruits starting salary already higher than them compare to the time they started at minimum level.b. Mind-mapIn this critical question, the five senior representatives feel they are facing underpayment equity, they feel that the salary they earn when working at the starting minimum level are lower than those newly recruits now. The senior representatives feel very upset and dissatisfy because manager explained that the newly hired would not accept the previous entry level rate. The newly representatives have no previous experience, but why still being pai d $ 3,000 yearly above the usual staring salary in the pay range.Comparison between the situations face up by two groups of representatives5. Learning outcomes by Ng Hui MingAfter completing this study of paper, we should be able toa. Identify what is Equity theory and under payment equity.b. Balance or correct the inequity feelings of employees towards co-workers.c. last what managers can do to overcome/ reduce the perceptions of inequity by employees.6. Responses to inequality by Ng Hui MingEquity theory suggests that when individuals perceive inequality between their own outcome/input ratio and that of the comparison referent, they are motivated to respond. Specifically, equity theory outlined six possible responses that individuals may take to restore equity a) change their inputs, b) adjust their outcomes, c) distorts their inputs and outcomes cognitively, d) leave the situation, e) act on the comparison referent to decide its inputs or outcomes, and f) compare to a differen t referent. There is little information, either in Adams (1965), or in subsequent work, that predicts when individuals will choose a particular response option. Equity theory comprises four linking suggestionsSUGGESTION I Individuals try to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes equal rewards minus costs).SUGGESTION IIA Groups can maximize collective reward by evolving judge systems for equitably apportioning resources among members. Thus, groups will develop such systems of equity, and will try to persuade members to accept and stick to these systems. SUGGESTION IIB Groups will generally reward members who treat other equitably, and generally punish (increase the costs for) members who treat others inequitably.SUGGESTION III When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they will become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more suffering individuals will feel.SUGGESTION IV Individuals who discover they are in an inequitable relatio nship will attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity that exists, the more distress they will feel, and the harder they will try to restore equity.7. Choose alternatives to solve inequality by Loh Sin YeeOne behavioural approach for an individual to balance equity is to either increase or decrease their inputs in order to achieve equity. If they feel underrewarded they will decrease their inputs. For example, an employee who feels underpaid at work compared to his coworkers (underreward) cogency start taking monthlong breaks in order to read the entire newspaper which decreases productivity (reduced input). By decreasing inputs, the perception of equity is restored.Underpayment EquityThus, consistent with uncertainty management theory and with the assumption that job insecurity reflects uncertainty about job loss, we would expect that organizational justice related to organizational aspects such as resource statistical distribution, individ ualized treatment and processes could be related to employees outcomes and moderate the relationship between job insecurity and its outcomes. That is, organizational justice could help employees to deal with the uncertainty of job insecurity, justifying the negative outcomes of job insecurity and, therefore, preventing deterioration of job satisfaction.8. police squad reflection by Loh Sin YeeA concern with fairness or justice is critical to the management of numerous organizational issues (e.g., pay distribution, grievance resolution Greenberg, 1990, cited in Kilbourne, L.M., OLeary-Kelly, A.M. (1994). In fact, in any distribution of outcomes (positive or negative) across individuals, employee perceptions of fairness are important. Because these perceptions of fairness are related to both organizational performance and employee satisfaction (Greenberg, 1990 Leventhal, 1980, cited in Kilbourne, L.M., OLeary-Kelly, A.M. (1994), organizational scholars and practitioner equally are i nterested in infering them. As a result, managers must try to communicate with their employees frequently to understand their feelings or perceptions towards inequity or any dissatisfaction on work.Adams (1965) equity theory proposes that an individual who believes an exchange is inequitable will be motivated to achieve equity or reduce inequity. According to the theory, individuals determine if exchanges are equitable by computing the ratio of perceived personal outcomes (rewards) to perceived inputs (contributions) and comparing this ratio with the perceived outcome/input ratio of some comparison referent that they have chosen. If inequality is perceived, the individual is expected to experience tension and to be motivated to respond either cognitively or behaviorally to restore equity.By the way, an employer can also prevent consequences from perceptions of inequity. For example, Skarlicki and Folger (1997, cited in Redmond 2010) found that employees that are treated with compl y are more likely to tolerate unfair pay. Whether the pay or compensation is actually unfair might be irrelevant. To the employee a perception of unfair compensation is the same as actual unfair compensation. So, if an employee has a perception of inequity in their compensation they might be more willing to tolerate their perception of unfair pay if they are treated with respect by their employer. Then they will be less likely to decrease their inputs or engage in counter-productive work behaviours to compensate for a perception of underpayment inequity. So, in addition to establishing fair distribution and procedures in an organization, employers should evermore treat their employees with respect. This can help maintain or increase motivation and prevent problems that stem from perceptions of under reward. Employers also need to remember that employees can value different outcomes. For example, younger employees tend to value more pay (Miles, et. al., 1994, cited in Redmond 2010). Even if an employee receives a higher salary than their co-worker they could still develop a perception of inequity if that co-worker has a flexible schedule, and a flexible schedule is more rich to them than extra salary. To combat this problem, employers can implement two strategies. First, they could continually request feedback from employees to determine what they value and how they would prefer to be compensated. Another dodging used by employers is to offer a choice in benefits. For example, one employee might want to use a health flexible spending account while some other employee might prefer to have a dependent care flexible spending account. Employers can offer choices on health or dental insurance as well as other choices among benefits. This type of plan, called a cafeteria style, allows employees to select outcomes that they value most. This can help prevent perceptions of inequity because each employee has the outcomes that they value the highest. This helps incre ase their ratio of inputs to outcomes when compared to their co-workers. Employers can also utilize intangible rewards such as a pat on the back, a luncheon, or even simple praise in front of co-workers. These simple intangible rewards can help balance a measure of inputs and outcomes.9. Conclusion by Loh Sin YeeAfter we have examine the problem and revised on the research done by several researchers, we can now understand about Equity theory and underpayment equity. Additionally, the five senior representatives must know how to balance or correct the inequity feelings towards newly hired representatives. They are encouraged to use the behavioural approaches to change the input or outcome of their comparative other.Furthermore, it is important for managers to understand and prevent consequences from perceptions of inequity by employees. Equity theory of motivation, demonstrable in the early 1960s by Adams (1965), recognizes that motivation can be affected through an individuals pe rception of fair treatment in social exchanges.When compared to other people, individuals want to be compensated fairly for their contributions. The organization may need to recognize the different interpretations inherent with such group of employees and devise a strategy for effectively managing their different perceptions.10. References by Ng Hui MingRedmond, B.F. (2010). Lesson 5 Equity theory Is what I get for my work fair compared to others? Work Attitudes and Motivation.The Pennsylvania State University World Campus.Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequality in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp.267-299). New York Academic Press.Williamson, K., Williams, K.J. (2010). Organizational justice, trust and perceptions of fairness in the implementation of agenda for change. Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The College of Radiographers, United Kingdom. Radiography 17 (2011) 61-66. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from www.elsevier.com/locate/radi.Colquitt , J.A., Scott, B.A., Judge, T.A., Shaw, J.C. (2006). Justice and personality Using integrated theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2006) 110-127. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from www.elsevier.com/locate/obhdp.Brown, G., Bemmels, B., Barclay, L.J. (2010). The enormousness of policy in perceptions of organizational justice. Journal of human relations. 63(10) 1587-1609. 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