Electronic Health Records and Our Government Essay Example for Free

Electronic Health Records and Our Government EssayElectronic Health Records social occasion in health care reform is at the main focus of lowering the cost to make care more affordable and improvement in the quality of care patients receive. The transition to electronic health records for the last couple years have been driven by offered incentives through the government. As the time turn by the popularity of electronic health record system increase more and more. EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2010Financial incentives were aligned to sanction the adoption of EHR. To further support the transition to EHR funds were also provided to train health care professionals on how to us EHR in a meaningful manner. The incentives descend every year until 2015 when it will then be mandatory. After the deadline of 2015 not being in compliance will result in being penalized financially. In order to receive the incentives there are very specific guidelines an d requirements that must be fulfilled. Some examples of requirements are EHR systems that record BMI (body mass index), patient demographics, as intimately as 40% of prescriptions must be submitted electronically. EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2011The reporting year begins for qualified professions on January 1st. Medicare EMR incentive chopine registration began in January 3rd. In April Attestation began. In May Payments began. July 3rd was the last day for eligible hospitals to begin their 90 day reporting check to demonstrate meaningful use for the Medicare EMR incentive program. September 30th was the last day of reporting year ends for eligible hospitals. October 1st was the last day for eligible professionals to begin their 90 day reporting period for calendar year 2011. December 31st the reporting year ends foreligible professions. Out of 57% of single-valued function based physicians that were using HER systems only 34% met the criteria to receive incentives. (CDC) EHR Systems involvement with government health care reforms in 2013 According to the CDC By this time fifty pct of doctors and eighty percent of hospitals were receiving incentives for using EHR meaningfully. Before the encouragement of transitioning to EHR by president Obama only seventeen percent of physicians were using it. (U.S. department of Health Human Services) It was predicted by the congressional budget office that the federal government will be saving close to twelve billion by converting to electronic health records.(U.S. Department of Health Human Services)WORKS CITEDHsiao, Chun-ju, and Esther Hing. Electronic Health Record Systems and Intent to Apply for Meaningful Use Incentives Among Office-based Physician Practices. Centers for Disease checker and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 07 Mar. 2012. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. HHS. News. Doctors and Hospitals Use of Health IT More than Doubles since 2012. U.S. Department of Health Humanservices, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. Pear, Robert. Standards Issued for Electronic Health Records. THE NEW YORK TIMES. NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY, 13 July 2010. Web.Schiling, Brian. role Matters. The Federal Government Has Put Billions into Promoting Electronic Health Record Use How Is It Going? THE Comonwealth Fund, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. Feris, Nancy. Electronic Health Record Standards. Health Affairs. Project Hope, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2014.

Magazine Advertisement That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media Essay

Magazine Advertise manpowert That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media EssayAdvertisement had been regarded as one of the close to effective communication tools in persuading the audience to buy or to raise aw arness on product, effects or operate. Advertisement is effective beca put on ad gives the audiences a primary knowledge of the product in just one picture. It attracts the audiences better because of the right smart a message was presented. In this capitalism world, companies, big or small manage against each other to market their product. The popularity of their brand is the standard of their successfulness in doing business. That is the reason most companies spends a large amount of money in advertising. In Malaysia, a total of RM 130881 mil was spent on advert according to the statistic data from Nielsen Malaysia Advertising Expenditure Report (November 2010). In print media, especially in magazines, advert compliments the magazines. It completes the stories in the magazines and it gives the audience a subtle hint of what the magazine offers to the audiences.However, in most advertising, media stereotypes happen in most advertizement. Advertisement develops a unique universe that might contain different messages about gender than the articles and photo spreads that accompany them. (Carter, 2004)It shows that advertisement have greater influences towards the audience than the article. Most advertisement nowadays portrays a wide variety of media stereotypes against women. Women be frequently portrayed in their traditional work such as a happy and alert domestic worker, a loyal wife who waits at home for her husband arrival from work and a nurturing mother. The yet job that seems to be associated with women in advertisement is secretary, air stewardess and nurse. It is unusual for advertisement to picture women in jobs such as pi plenteousness, police or truck drivers.Stereotyping women children reflects a view of them as little matur e, more emotional, and less competent that their staminate worker. (Krolkke, 2006, p.81)Apart from being portrayed in their traditional ways, women nowadays atomic number 18 portrayed as energise objects. close to all of the advertisement uses women to sell their merchandise in versed ways regardless of types of magazines. Most magazines portrays womanhood in minimal clothing or semi nude. Such portrayal degrades womans dignity and back install a wrong perception into the audiences mind. It will in like manner strengthen the popular believe that women atomic number 18 subject to men and women are meant for serving men.In advertising, women and men act in stereotypical ways, portraying ideal female and male behavior. As such, they not only conceal how conceal how women and men really act but also function prescriptively to show how they should act. (Ibid,p.78)In this research, an analysis on portrayal of women in advertisement (magazines) will be done. The smother that will be highlighted is the frequency of women being portrayed in their traditional ways and in sexual ways. The other issue that will be highlighted is the reason such portrayal is being produce.STATEMENT OF PROBLEMMagazine is one of the media that we frequently use. Popular magazines nominate have millions of viewing audience and this means that magazine influence a lot of peck base on what they write and portray in the magazine. Advertisement is one of the major compartments in a magazine and a magazine could not function without it. Portrayal of women is unwashed in an advertisement. Be it as a social awareness advertisement or a car advertisement. The gesture now is how much advertisement in the magazines that portray women in their traditional roles and in sexual ways? some other question that arises is what kind of advertisement that uses women in their traditional ways and/or in sexual ways to promote their services or merchandise more? The visualization of advertisemen t changes according to the term and technology. But some advertisement even with these changes, stick to the original ways of advertising their services and products.As it was verbalise before, advertisement is one of the most powerful ways of persuading others. A lot of factors influences the way an advertisement is visualize. The portrayal of women images must have been ca utilize by several of the factors. The question is why do advertisement uses such image?RESEARCH OBJECTIVETo determine the magazine that publishes advertisement that portrays explicit womens imagery.To analyze the types of advertisement that prone to exploitation women in a traditional and/or explicit imagery in their advertisement.To identify the causes of such portrayal.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThe orbit is weighty mainly to the human beings to create awareness. Advertisement is very influential and can affect the way we perceive things. in that locationfore, with this study, the public will have a better u nderstanding of ways to evaluate women with a better value than sex .Besides that, this study is also important to women rights association to recognize types of advertisement that degrades womens dignity. This then would help them in exhort the government to take action on the ever increasing advertisements that devalue women. It is also important to the advertiser themselves so that they are cautious with their ways of advertising. This study is also important to the government so they can create and enforce law to protect womens right.CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEW2.1. IntroductionA lot of studies had been done on advertisement and women. Mee- Eun Kang (1997) observed that most advertisement portrays women in a traditional way in print media. According to Eun-Kangs findings,images of women in 1991 advertisement did not significantly change from the images found in 1979 advertisement.Her findings indicated that advertisement in magazines did not change drastically. Women were still portrays as housekeepers and a mother to a child. This further is relevant to that year because the second wave of feminism had just launched. The second wave of feminism started at the late 1960s and early 1970s. Feminist were protesting against the debaucher pageants. They were opposing with an assumption that the winner won because of how she look and not what she do and what they think about. There are three waves of feminism, the first wave emphasis in womens right in voting, the second wave is protesting on how the public view women generally and how the media portrayed inequality in portraying gender and the celebration of woman diversity and the introduction to the cyber girl is the third wave. Even though feminist had launch a radical attack on the degrading ways of evaluating women, the changes are slow to take place as media especially advertisement continue picturing women in a household. Her findings were strengthen by Atoff Nassif and Barrie Gunter (2008) whose findi ngs shows that women were strongly associated with household products. Products such as dishwasher liquid, clothes detergent and kitchen appliances product were strongly linked to women based on their study. Besides that, personify products such as soap, shampoo and covering are also associated with women. It is uncommon even until today, men advertising body products unless the product is specifically for men.Ferguson, Kreshel and Tinkham (1990) justify the advertiser tactics with a statement that such portrayal is important to bring the advertiser and audiences together. What the advertiser had done was only taking what was socially known and accepted to the public. The real jobs of women according to social validation are to take care of their husband and children and keeping the house warm, nice and cozy. Mallika Das(2000) and Katharina Lindner (2004) found out that as time goes by, the portrayal of women in their traditional roles has lessen but the images of women in sexua l ways increased. Their findings were strengthen by Julie M. Stankiewicz and Francine Rosselli (2007) study that shows 75.98% of women that appear in mens magazine, be it in articles, pictures and advertisement appear as sex objects.2.2 Media stereotypes against womenMedia stereotypes are a common representative of a person or a group of person. It generally put an understanding in everyone that certain people behave certain way traditionally. Media stereotypes can be problematic if they represent certain group of people women, for physical exertion in a negative way or confined them to certain behavior or jobs. It is unwise to have an understanding of certain people from the media as the media can be deceiving. As time goes by some of the stereotypical ways of seeing people are not applicable in the modern days. Knowledge and technology are ceaselessly developing and by the increased of knowledge in hand, people will surely change along with time. Erving Goffman (1979) asserts th at,If anything,advertisers conventionalize our conventions, stylize what is already a stylization, yield frivolous use of what is already something considerably cut off from contextual controls. Their hype is hyper-ritualisation.According to him, the gender representation that we see is meaningful to us because they are ideal gender representations. It is what the society has taught us. Wonder Woman, Cat Woman, Storm, Rogue and Alice Cullen are the tough women in the media industries. They are strong but they still maintain accurate skin, are thin and wore fashionable clothes. On the other hand, Cinderella, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty are women who are very hardworking, hate messy stuff, cooks and cleans for the family, loving to everyone including animals, fair, beautiful and awaits for their prince charming to come and swept their feet away. These two examples are the portrayal of women today and women in the past. Women today are portrayed as strong and indie musical comp osition women in the past are portrayed as dependent to the people (or animals) around them. But despite their differences, they were portrayed in a common way. Both women today and women in the past were portrayed as having a perfect skin, fair, beautiful and are using fashionable clothes. These women images that the narrator give is called the male gaze. According to Laura Mulvey (1975),In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to -be-looked-at-ness.She asserts that because the camera is dominated by male, the audiences view women in a patriarchal way. Women are being put on a pedestal because of this portrayal. Women across the country have the mentality that being thin is healthy and beautiful. Other researchers, Tom Reichert (2009) agrees with the statement by saying that both men and women are exposed to the decorative images that they value womens attractiveness more and devalue their intellect, skills and competencies.2.3 Women as sex objects.Today, we are bombarded with thousands and thousands of advertisement that shows women in provoking ways. According to Kilbourne (1999), sexual imagery nowadays is not only confined in pornography media, but also in advertisement. Advertisement now adopts some of the action from bowelless pornography. This then confirms other types of stereotypical views on women that are women are subordinated to men. She found that womans legs, breasts or thighs have always become the part to grab the viewers attention, qualification women are seen as objects rather than a human being. Their bodies and their sexuality become a sex object when they are connected to the product or services that the advertisement represents. Advertisements such as Lux, Rejoice, Dove and Enchanter have that effect. They will picture a woman using their product and in the advertisement, they reveal some skin. part such as shoulder and legs are always shown to the audiences. Almost all products that show women in revealing products suggest that the audiences can have sex- link up benefit. For example, the Axe body sprays. In its recent advertisement in the television, it shows that user grabs womans attention and the woman will automatically give the user her phone number. This advertisement suggests to us that, if you use this body spray, you too will get phone numbers from random woman that pass you by.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGYIntroductionThis study is done by using content analysis method as suggested by Barelson (1971) to analyze the portrayal of women in a general interest magazine. Content analysis enables us to elaborate communication theories and to test the hypothesis of the study. It also can be used to compare the content of the media with the real situation. Barelson (1971) defined content analysis as a research technique with the purpose to give a systematic, objective a nd quantitative view on the communication content.From the definition, there are four important concepts that should be look upon which areObjective- achieved when we have a content analysis that were defined precisely. This means that the research depends on the rules and not the analyzer.Systematic-(1) A set of rules used in the same way for all analyze content.(2) Category is formed so that all related content were analyze.(3) Design analyze to save related data with the question or hypothesis.3. Quantitative- The sum of the frequency of the related advertisement being published.4. Content- Refers to whatever that is written and published in the media.3.2. Population and samplingThe world of this study is 72 magazines in Malaysia. Magazines include mens, womens, medical, sports, news and business. The magazine advertisement was the unit of analysis for this study. The method used to select a sample coat is the non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling is used because s tatistical procedure is not needed when selecting cases from given population. The type of non-probability sampling used is purposive sampling. In purposive sampling, the respondent are chosen based on the researchers own expertise and judgments that the particular sample fit into the characteristics of the populations. The first step in obtaining the sample is to browse through the set aside store for magazines. Then, dependent to the researchers judgment, he or she would choose any magazines that he or she thinks are relevant for the studies. In this research, advertisement that featured human subjects were store from December 2010 to February 2011 popular magazines.Conceptualization of Variables (concepts)The type of variable used in this research is independent variable. Independent variable is variable that is controlled and manipulated by the researcher. Types of magazines and advertisement are the main variables. Types of magazines are the various kind of magazine available for viewing pleasure. Types of advertisements are the various kind of advertisement used to promote product and services. The measurement for this variable is nominal measures. Nominal measures are variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutually exclusiveness.3.5. Data AnalysisThis study uses descriptive analysis for the data analysis based on descriptive statistics collected from the selected advertisement. The descriptive statistics that will be use is multivariate statistics. Multivariate statistics is statistics that shows relationship between three or more variables. Researchers can determine if the bivariate relationship is true or not by putting a variable as a control variable. The variables that can be use for this study are types of magazine and the frequency stereotypes happen in advertisement. Elaboration on the relationship and effects each variable has with the help of example will be used to support findings in the research. Me an percentage will be used to calculate the relationship. Besides that ANOVA will be used to measure the independent variables. The independent variables are types of magazines, types of advertisement and causes of imagery.3.6. Methodological IssuesThe issues arise when doing this research is the financial constraint. Researcher has to buy all the magazines related to the subject. There are a lot of magazines and the prices differ according to the material used to make the magazine and the thickness of the book. With limited budget, the researcher will not be able to buy all of the magazines.Time constraint is also one of the issue arise when doing this assignment. Magazines are only published once or doubly a month and with the deadline coming nearer, researcher cant afford any delay in doing his/her research. Other than that, researcher still has to attend class while conducting the research. Researcher need to manage his/her time efficiently so that it wont disturb his/her study time and research time.The availability of related magazines is also an issue to the researcher. Some bookstore does not sell magazines and some bookstore has limited types of magazines. This resulting in researcher to have limited data on his/her research.Researcher also faced with problems such as not knowing the overall location of each bookstore. Since researcher is not originated from this place, the knowledge of location of bookstore is limited.

Theories and models of change management

Theories and models of replace moldmentNothing in this creation is at the state of constant static. E rattlingthing is changing. Likewise, formations be as well changing all the time. If we look few decades back things have swopd a lot. Change neither disappears nor dissipates. It is a serve which is inevitable. What is heavy is how we manage the variety show to initiate the best out of it. Change is the major driving force for a company to be innovative and try out with new management styles and tools. Changes back bring fortune in the company with improved profit margins and satisfied employees provided that the alterations are handled properly with appropriate management strategies, however, if the organisations fails to seminal fluid across the appropriate and effective management strategies then it posterior affect the company badly and at worst even collapsing or bankruptcy. So, the changes that an organisation memorial tab permit has to be planned, organised, directed, controlled and channelled effectively. This requires a good leadership quality in the leader whoever that mightiness be. Leaders can be CEO, Mangers, Chairperson or Board of Directors depending on the organisation.There are umteen management thinkers at different times who have proposed numerous different theories and model regarding the nature of change management and how to manage the changes effectively for better of the organisations. The bordering section of this essay will look at the different management thinkers and their management theories and models and their relevance with the changing business environs and how it is crucial for an organisation to undergo changes for its prosperity and progress.One of the commencement ceremony and most popular theories of change management was given by Kurt Le realise (1890-1947). Lewins model is rather dewy-eyed however other change management theories are based on this model. Lewins model of change is divided into thr ee spots of unfreeze, change and freeze referring 3 stages of changesThe first look in the change in the behaviour is to unfreeze the existing situation which is also called quo state which is the residue state. Unfreezing of the quo state is very important to tire the resistance from the change. It can be done with either increasing driving forces away from the quo state or decrease the restraining forces that negatively affects the movement away from the equilibrium or use the both method .(Stephen, 2003)The second step which is the change stage is the movement where all the changes happen. This movement can be facilitated with by persuading the employees to cope with on the changes, telling them the benefits of the changes and making them sure that everybody has to work together to get the best out of the changes and show them new perspectives.(Stephen, 2003)The third step is the freezing stage which is the step after the change has been implemented. This stage of the change is required for the changes to stick over time. Sustainability is very important when new changes have been made. The new changes have to be properly institutionalised and formally accepted by all. The actual integration of the new changes takes place in this unfreeze stage. (Stephen, 2003)According to Lewin (1951) driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the relyd direction. Restraining forces hinder change because they push employees in the opposite direction. Therefore, these forces must be analyzed and Lewins three-step model can help deliver the balance in the direction of the planned change. Changes are very crucial since changes makes new and improved ideas to implement into action possible. (Kanter, R. et al. 1992)After Lewins model many other writers upgraded his theory making it more effective however the fundamental aspects were still there. One of the most popular model of change management is Kotters eight step model (Kotter, 1995). According to Kotter, successful implementation of change depends on the eight steps as proposed by him. Skipping any one of the eight steps might create illusion of speeding of the process but it does not improve the effectiveness of change.(Singh,1963)His eight steps include the following stepsCreate a sense of urgency This step includes analysing the market and examining the possible risks and opportunities along with the competition in the market. (Kotter,1996)Establishing the powerful group to guide the change This step is to create a group which is capable to handle the changes and has enough power to lead the effort. The group should be encouraged to work as a team. (Kotter,1996)Develop a pile This stage includes creating a proper vision of change in the organisation. Apart from this the change should be highly focused and should be in rather truthful form so that everyone understands and accepts. (Kotter,1996)Communicate the vision The vision that has been proposed has to be deliver ed or explained to everyone. A good communication of the vision is very important. (Kotter,1996)Empower staff The next step is empowering the staffs. This step includes removing hurdles in the change and encouraging new and unconventional ideas and ways of doing things. (Kotter,1996)Ensure there are short terms win It is very important to keep the staffs motivated. Short term wins help the staffs to remain motivated. This also helps the support needed for the change. (Kotter,1996)Consolidate procures Organisation should check the policies that inhibit or restrain the changes and if there are any, they should be changed. The policies that catalyse the changes should be brought in to action to speed up the change and efficiency. (Kotter,1996)Institutionalise the change in the acculturation of the organisation the changes that have been made should be institutionalised or embedded in the organisation as a culture and should be linked with the surgical procedure and leadership. (Kott er,1996)The first four steps of Kotters eight model act as a defroster a hardened equilibrium.Stages five to seven is the introduction of many new changes. It resembles with the change phase in the Lewins model. The last phase grounds the changes that have been made into the business or organisation culture. The success and improvement of the organisation depends on the proper follow of the sequence. ( Kotter,1996)The next change management model is the ADKAR model proposed by Jeffery M Hait (2006). ADKAR is basically a framework to understand change in the individual level which was later used in the field of business and management. It comprises of five elements which are Awareness (of the need of change), Desire ( to support and enter in the change), Knowledge( of how to change), Ability( to implement required skills and behaviours) and Reinforcement( to sustain the change). (Hait,2006)Awareness represents the understanding of the need of the change along with the nature and the affects of not going with the change. (Haitt,2006)Desire represents the desire to participate in the change. Even though desire is often more about the personal choice, it can be created with the intrinsic environment. There are many factors that create desire in the individual about the changes. (Haitt,2006)Knowledge is the basically the trainings and information access about how to change. Knowledge is very important as it is very necessary to have trainings and information access to implement the change. (Haitt,2006)Ability shows the actual implementation of the change at the required pace. It also represents the conversion for knowledge into action. How sanitary the changes have been executed depends on the ability of the group or an individual. (Haitt,2006)Reinforcement represents the sustainability of the change. Sustainability depends on both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors. External factors include recognition, rewards and celebrations that are even to the realisati on of the change. The internal factor is the sense of achievement among the individuals regarding the change.(Haitt,2006)The ADKAR model is in very much sequential manner. It clearly represents how an individual experiences change. Desire cannot come to begin with awareness because desires are only triggered when we are aware, similarly knowledge cannot come in the beginning desire as we do not seek for the knowledge before we have desire for it and similarly ability and reinforcement. (Haitt,2006)Having discussed the models of change management it is very important to know that these models were not created just for the sake of creating. Their importations have been highly undecomposed in the real context. It is very important to realise that the importance of the change in the corporate society. Technological innovations and globalisation has made this world a much smaller place. Changing according to the changing world is necessary otherwise you just lag behind and can become very hard to get along all over again.To survive and prosper organisations must adopt strategies that realistically reflect their ability to manage multiple future scenarios. ( Paton, McCalman,2000) Business and managers are now faced with ever more complex and high dynamic operating environments than before.If we take a real life model then we can see that the car companies nowadays not only manufacture cars these days but they do much more than just do the manufacturing. They are complex in how to distribute them more widely and how to get more market share and manufacturing more diverse range of cars.Another real life example is the example of BRITISH AIRWAYS. Back in 1981 BRITISH AIRWAYS appointed a new chairperson. When he was appointed the company was very inefficient and wasnt properly utilising the resources. He then made a lot of changes in the company and restructured the whole company. For this he first contemplated and realised that the company needed a lot of changes to gain more profit margins and he did so through change management methodology. Then he analysed the areas for the change. The company then systematically reduced the staffs. However, before doing this, through his change management leadership, he let the company know about the need for change to prepare them for the upcoming changes and the benefits behind it. He was able to let the company know about the changes about to happen which shows a good communication and was able to direct the company to prosperity and success.Change as we already said is inevitable and no one can escape the change. The fear of adjusting into new changes and risks that brings along with it is the reason that restrains the change. Having said that change is one of the most important parts of the growth. There can never be development and growth without change. Thats why different writers and management thinkers have published different theories and model to analyse the mechanism of change so as to bette r understand the change. These theories work as a testimony to the fact that the change is a real phenomenon and can be analyzed through different steps and methods.As I have discussed three models of change management in this essay, each model follows the like basic fundamental framework of the mechanism of change. However, each model has a different way of looking at the things.Lewins model is rather simple which sees change into 3 stages resembling it to the stages before the change, during the change and after the change. Lewins model is more of a generalised model. So, Lewins model of change exhibits the forces that either increase or restrain the changes. To nerve centre up, when the combined strength of one force is greater than the combined strength of the restraining forces, then the change is more likely to happen. (Stephen, 2003) It also says what the factors are that we have to pick out during the process of change.Kotters eight model theory sees the change phenomenon into eight different stages. Kotter has defined the change process into many different stages which gives us a more clear idea of how change happens and how a company succeed through change. Kotters model describes how market analysis creates the need of changes and how the changes have to be well communicated to the outgrowth of staffs to motivate them for the change.The next theory ADKAR sees change more from individualistic point rather than the change itself. ADKAR says that the staffs have to be aware about the need of change which creates desire for the change. Knowledge increases the ability to cope with the changes and reinforcement stabilises the changes. ADKAR basically cover all the major aspects of change.These three models of changes have a very good implication in the real world. Lewins model being rather simple might not be appropriate for the current change in the business world however the fundamental aspect of change is there. Kotters eight model and ADKAR are qu ite similar. Kotters model focus more on the change itself however ADKAR focuses on the individual level. I feel that Kotters model covers almost all the aspects of the change. It not only tells about the need of change but also how the changes have to be implemented. It talks about the communication and encouraging each other to work as a team. Apart from this it also says about empowering staffs which is very important and also the motivating factors like short term win makes this model much more applicable for all kinds of institutions and more reliable.With the end of my literature review I would like to research further on the topic Importance of change for a prosperous future.

Modern Hot Metal Desulfurization

Modern Hot admixture De southizationModern Hot Metal Desulfurization And Dephosphorization TechnologiesIntroductionThe purpose of phosphorus and sulfur removal is to decrease the concentration of these particles along with the undesired inclusions (oxides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and chlorides) to accomplish the final product quality requirements 5. Dephosphorization involves deplorable temperature, laid-back scoria basicity (CaO/ SiO2 ratio) and high oxygen activity whereas desulphurization entails high temperature, high scoria basicity (CaO/ SiO2 ratio) and low oxygen activity. Initially, dephosphorization was performed by the addition of iron ores in the blast furnace runner. keynote ash (Na2CO3) was used in the blast furnace house during desulphurization. Subsequently, dephosphorization was reformd by the subsurface injection of reagents in vessels, such as torpedo or sub cars. Desulfurization was enhanced by co-injection of lime and magnesium into the hot metal tran sfer ladles 6. The following dephosphorization and desulphurization technologies are reviewed1. Dephosphorization by the multirefining converter (MURC) process2. Dephosphorization using CaO aggregates3. Desulfurization by magnesium4. Desulfurization by flux injection using a new energising model5. Desulfurization by the CFD modeling1. Dephosphorization By The Murc ProcessThe multirefining converter (MURC) process claims to improve the efficiency of the dephosphorization procedure by reducing the cost and minimizing the scoria volume. It is a new hot metal pretreatment in which dephosphorization and decarburization processes are developed in the alike converter for advertise reduction of the decarburization slag.The MURC process reduces the amount of slag by 50 % in comparison to the conventional pretreatment processes (30 %). The decarburization slag is continuously recycled (Figure 1). A low basicity dephosphorization slag is discharged from the MURC due to the high amount of total iron in the slag (T Fe) and no desiliconization treatment of the hot metal. This results into a valuable work of the dephosphorization slag in the steelmaking process.2. Dephosphorization Using Cao AggregatesThe multiphase dephosphorization slag is analyzed through the addition of atomic number 20 ferrite flux powderize into hot metal. It is observed that high Si subject (0.15 %) shows a similar CaO efficiency for dephosphorization than low Si content (0.00 %). The low Si content exhibits calcium phosphate (3CaO.P2O5) whereas high Si content shows a combination of calcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2), and calcium phosphate. The formation of these solid phases explains a similar CaO efficiency under different Si content.3. Desulfurization By MagnesiumDesulfurization is enhanced by the intake effect of Mg bubbles in the hot metal. The reaction speeds up by the addition of lime and CaC2. These desulfurization reagents were tested in ArcelorMital Indiana Harbor. The typical inclusion s before reagent injection were TiC and MnS. TiO2 is added to protect the graphite line drive in the blast furnace. MgS + TiC and MgS were the most frequent inclusions after the reagent injection. MnS inclusions were not observed after this stage. This means, most of these inclusions floated up at the end of desulphurization. Further improvement of desulfurization shadower be achieved by Al addition. The latter reacts with lime to form lower melting point calcium aluminates.4. Desulfurization By Flux Injection Using A New Kinetic ModelDesulfurization is performed by introducing powder reagents (CaO, calcium carbonate, calcium diamide carbonate) into the hot metal using either core wired or a carrier gas (nitrogen). This creates a complex variety of interfaces in torpedo ladles (Figure 2) 7. There are two reaction modes that are present in the complex/ immiscible phases. The first mode is related to the temporary reaction amidst the liquid steel and powder particles. The second mode is the permanent reaction between the slag on the surface and the molten steel.Desulfurization in torpedo ladles. The interfaces are (1) Jet zone (2) bubbles and particles rise in the plume zone (3) bubbles emerge in the breakthrough zone (4) slag zone (5) gas-slag-metal emulsion forms in the dispersion zone (6) metal reacts with lining in the lining zone (7) lowest stirring intensity in the intermediate zoneSeveral parameters influence the desulfurization of hot metal and are predicted by a new model of go down powder injection. The total amount of the flux is considered to be liquid at steelmaking temperature and the injection rate along with the time lapse can be determined. The total sulfur removal rate for both the permanent contact (top slag) and evanescent (injection powder) mode is obtained by the following equation,The right hand side of the reaction is related to the transitory reaction. This equation is only useful during the powder injection. After that, the right hand side becomes worthless.Sulfide solvability in slag is restricted. at once the sulfide solubility limit is reached, a pure sulfide phase grows within the slag to absorb the excess of sulfur. Sulfide saturation may occur before the slag and metal reach equilibrium. The speed of the reaction is reduced until the sulfur content is dropped. Excess of sulfur in permanent reactions produces a reversion reaction and further desulphurization cannot occur. The transitory reaction removes the excess of sulfur by the continuously addition of fresh powder into the torpedo ladle. It is also recommended to deslag after powder injection.Figure 3 is divided into % S wt % and reaction rate. The experimental results are obtained from the 20 CaO-60CaF2-20Al2O3 (by weight) powder injection under an argon atmosphere into 3.4-3.8 kg cast iron at 1310 C. Once the slag (permanent-contact reaction) experiences an excess of sulfur at 420 s, the sulfur concentration decreases continuously until 950 s. T he contributions of the permanent and transitory reactions are also displayed. The permanent reaction increases with time until it is saturated. The transitory reaction never approaches to saturation conditions. The difference between these two reactions is not significant large. Therefore, the contribution of these both reactions is generally tinge.5. Desulfurization By CFD ModelingSynthetic slag is used on the desulfurization process due to its reuse in several treatments. The sulfur is transferred to the synthetic slag followed by slag regeneration. Slag regeneration is performed by the oxygen injection to produce gaseous sulfur dioxide (Equation 3). The sulfur distribution also differs from the slag and the metal once desulfurization begins (Figure 4). A porous plug at the bottom of the vessel is used to inject nitrogen in the hot metal. The fluid velocity is increased to optimize the desulfurization rate to improve sulfur transport. Therefore, CFD analyzes the desulfurization and slag regeneration processes to optimize the plug position and calculate the drift velocity of gas bubbles, desulfurization rate, among other parameters, for future design of desulphurization processes.ConclusionsMultirefining converter (MURC)(1) Dephosphorization and decarburization are carried out in the same converter, reducing the slag volume for better industrial, economical and environmental purposes(2) The dephosphorization efficiency is increased by greater amounts of CaO to produce solid phases, such as 3CaOP2O5 and 2CaSiO2Desulfurization by Mg(1) TiC particles are nucleation sites for MnS and MgS(2) MgS inclusions are the most frequent particles after the reagent injectionDesulfurization by flux injection using a new kinetic model(1) A new model is developed to evaluate and identify separately the transitory and permanent reactions(2) This model helps to predict the excess of sulfur to evacuate reversion of it in the hot metal(3) The contributions of the transitory and permanent contact reactions are observed to be in a similar proportion, concluding equal influence in the powder injection techniqueCFD Modelling(1) The desulfurization and slag regeneration are successfully modeled using thermal and transport mechanismsReferences1 S.Y. Kitamura, K. Yonezawa, Y. Ogawa, N. Sasaki (2002). advantage of reaction efficiency in hot metal dephosphorization, 29 (2), 121-1242 Q. Liu, H. Pielet, P. Kaushik B. Chukwulebe (2009). AISTech 2009 Proceedings. An investigation of hot metal desulfurization by Mg, 1, 821-8273 S. Ohguchi and D.G.C. Robertson (1984). Kinetic model for refining by submerged powder injection Part 1 Transitory and permanent contact reactions, 11(5), 261-2744 S. Pirker, P. Gittler, H. Pirker J. Lehner (2002). Elsevier. CFD, a design tool for a new hot metal desulfurization technology, 26, 337-3505 X. LV and L. Zhang (2008). Removal of impurity elements from molten aluminum part 1. A review. 1, 1-356 R.J. Fruehan (Ed.) (1998). The makin g, shaping and treating of steel (11th ed.). Pittsburgh The AISE Steel Foundation7 M. Sadmi S. Ashhab (2007). Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Application of nervous net modeling and inverse control to the desulfurization of hot metal process, 1 (2), 79-84

Depression Essay -- essays research papers

In todays society, we are faced with or placed in many a(prenominal) unpredictable and stressful situations. However, many of us manage to properly analyze the situations and maintain our sanity, experiencing only a mild form of depression, if any. Others may encounter comparable situations and become mentally depressed. Some reasons for being depressed are normal, such as, a death of a family member, parents divorce, or loss of job but, depending on how keen-sighted you are depressed, as a result of these misfortunate situations, can determine weather or not you are emotionally depressed. Depression is the most joint psychological disorder that affects both the young and old, rich and poor, or even successful and unsuccessful people. Although depression occurs most often in individual who go for little education, the truth is, we all are targets.One form of depression that plaques our society is called major depression. Major Depression is a mood disorder characterized by extr eme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 1998). Major Depression affects about 12 million American a class (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 1998). Individuals who suffer from this form of depression is overwhelmingly sad. Often, sadness is accompanied by feelings of quilt, worthlessness, inadequacy, emptiness, and hopelessness, even though these individuals are surrounded by friends and f...

Jezza The Great :: essays research papers

Jezza the great - Matt PosanerFor many Carlton supports, the greatest player, bar non, in recent memory is Alex Jesaulenko. He represented all that was quicksilver(a) and brilliant in football he was a player people came to watch because the unbelievable on a regular basis, and the unexpected 10 times a game.Like Mozart, the greatest composer of all time, Alex Jesaulenko was born of Ukrainian parents in the Austrian city of Salzburg. He came to Australia as a young boy and grew up in Canberra.There are a couple of persistent rumours about the young Jesaulenko, which lend an aura to his particular genius.The first is that the baby Jezza spent some time with his family in a refugee camp in or near Carlton in the late 1940s - Camp Pell, or a camp in the battle array Gardens. The second is that he did notevan pick up an Australian football until the ripe old age of 15. And the last one is that the Prime Minister of the day, Sir Robert Menzies, personally interviewed to hasten the M anuka-Eastlakes star and Commenwealth public servant transferred to Melbourne in time for the 1967 season.The rest of his story is truthful, and needs no embellishment - the soaring marks, such as the mark of the hundred in the 1970 grand final, the hundred goals in a season, the ability to command the ball to do his will, the way his body worked its way untouched through predacious packs, as if he could disappear under ground and worm his way up in a clear space.Not to mention the way he could bring the rest of the team into the play by direct involvement, or sheer example. When called upon to coach Carlton in 1978, he was being shirt-fronted by Collingwoods Stan Magro that inspired a win that season, and eventually the Flag in 1979. He left in loyalty to controversial President George Harris but was still blue through and through. When called upon in another crisis after the sacking of Robert Walls in 1989, he came and the magic worked again.

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Prejudice The first sentence of the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane capital of Texas, foreshadows the end of the book. She writes, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a good wife". At first, readers would understand this in one way. However, in the second half of the novel it takes on a whole new meaning. At first this sentence takes on an ironic meaning, because it is commonly understood that it is the woman who is in pursuit of a wealthy gentleman (and not the man pursuing the woman as stated). Austin also seems to prove this grounds of the quotation in the first half of the novel in her use of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas. In the novel, Mr. Collins has established himself by working for Lady Catherine de Bourgh, an extremely wealthy woman. Also, once Mr. Bennet dies, Mr. Collins is due to inherit his entire estate. Therefore, a man who is supported by that measure of money would seem to be quite a catch, to someone with less money. However, after listening to him talk, it is quickly revealed that he is utterly ignorant. On the other hand, Charlotte is his unadulterated opposite. Charlotte is an extremely sensible and intelligent girl, but she has little money. Although Mr. Collins could obviously never satisfy Charlotte as a husband, Charllote agrees to marry him for his money. Hence the original understanding of the quotation at the start of the novel seems to be justified. Mr. Darcy also seems to follow this quotation. He believes that woman would marry him for his wealth and status no matter what. Therefore, when he falls in love with Elizabeth he does not treat her with the preferential treatment with which one would normally treat his beloved. Instead he treated her with the resembling condescending and proud manner as he would any other person. Afterall, all good wives are in want of a wealthy man. Darcy shortly changes his philosophy (and hence one must und erstand the quotation differently) after Elizabeth refuses his proposal. This incident proves that a woman does not necessarily need to find a rich man to marry. Afterall, this is now the second time that Elizabeth has rejected the proposal of a man with more wealth than she. It is clear that Darcy changes his whole philosophy on the subject after this rejection.