Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Prejudice The first sentence of the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane capital of Texas, foreshadows the end of the book. She writes, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a good wife". At first, readers would understand this in one way. However, in the second half of the novel it takes on a whole new meaning. At first this sentence takes on an ironic meaning, because it is commonly understood that it is the woman who is in pursuit of a wealthy gentleman (and not the man pursuing the woman as stated). Austin also seems to prove this grounds of the quotation in the first half of the novel in her use of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas. In the novel, Mr. Collins has established himself by working for Lady Catherine de Bourgh, an extremely wealthy woman. Also, once Mr. Bennet dies, Mr. Collins is due to inherit his entire estate. Therefore, a man who is supported by that measure of money would seem to be quite a catch, to someone with less money. However, after listening to him talk, it is quickly revealed that he is utterly ignorant. On the other hand, Charlotte is his unadulterated opposite. Charlotte is an extremely sensible and intelligent girl, but she has little money. Although Mr. Collins could obviously never satisfy Charlotte as a husband, Charllote agrees to marry him for his money. Hence the original understanding of the quotation at the start of the novel seems to be justified. Mr. Darcy also seems to follow this quotation. He believes that woman would marry him for his wealth and status no matter what. Therefore, when he falls in love with Elizabeth he does not treat her with the preferential treatment with which one would normally treat his beloved. Instead he treated her with the resembling condescending and proud manner as he would any other person. Afterall, all good wives are in want of a wealthy man. Darcy shortly changes his philosophy (and hence one must und erstand the quotation differently) after Elizabeth refuses his proposal. This incident proves that a woman does not necessarily need to find a rich man to marry. Afterall, this is now the second time that Elizabeth has rejected the proposal of a man with more wealth than she. It is clear that Darcy changes his whole philosophy on the subject after this rejection.

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women in :: English Literature

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women inMy Last Duchess and Porphryrias L everywhere?In these two poems Robert Browning shows the balance of power inmale-female relationships. Both are very similar in the way that they submit the women having more power than they should have, and the mennot having the power they think they should have.In the first poem, My Last Duchess, Browning shows the Duke nothaving full control over his wife, the Duchess. In the second poem,Porphyrias Lover, the narrator does not have control because she isin a higher class and cannot be with him and she would lower her classand she is not ready to surpass it up.In My Last Duchess, the Duke is talking to someone about the deadDuchess. He first refers to power over the Duchess in the poem when hesays about the scene of her behind the curtain, and if anybodywants to see it they would have to ask him first,Since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but IThis shows that he stil l has control over her even though she haspassed on. After that he writes about how every little detail seemedto please her,She hadA heart how shall I say... too soon do glad,Too easily impressed she liked whateerShe looked on, and her looks went everywhere.The Duke gets quite angry at this point,The bough of cherries some officious foolBroke in the orchard for her,This is about how a man broke into the orchard, took a bunch of cherryblossom and gave it to the duchess, and made her very pleased, whichas you can understand he can fall through her far-off better things than a commonman can give,As if she rankedMy gift of a nine-hundred-years-old nameWith anybodys gift.He gave her his old and important family name which most women wouldgive their happiness to have, when she married him, which in theDukes eyes is better than anything else in the world.He says that to comment on this behaviour is stooping down to a lowerlevel,And I chooseNever to stoopThe Duchesss behaviour becomes be yond tolerable next,Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,Whener I passed her but who passed withoutMuch the same smile? This grew I gave commandsThen all smiles halt together.This greatly suggests that the Duke thought he had the power over theDuchess, and used it to order someone to kill her, although he doesntdirectly say but he powerfully hints it. But Browning cleverly wrote the

friendship in a separate peace by John Knowles :: essays papers

friendship in a separate stillness by John Knowles Finding out who someone really is can be a very difficult thing to do. Knowing who some one is inside and out takes time and dedication. I acquire that there are a a few(prenominal) key factors when getting to know who some one really is. Character determination of a friend can be based on ternary things, honesty, trust, conflicts, and how they are resolved . The book a separate peace by John Knowles deals with all of these issues in the case of friendship. You can use these three factors to go over how good of a friend a person can be, and determine there true character.All through the fifteen years Ive lived this support there has always been one redundant term told over and over. Honesty is key, and if your talking about a friendship that s true. If you dont sport honesty you dont have anything to base your relationship on. Being honest to a good friend should be subconscious, and if its not whence I wouldnt consider them a good friend. You shouldnt have to struggle with a friend to be honest. In a Separate peace Finny is always honest and speaks his mind. Gene on the other hand comes across honest, but you can never really tell. He should not have told Finny that he jostled the limb on purpose if he wasnt even sure himself. In the movie Dead Poet Society separately and every group part was honest to each other, and thats why they were the best of friends. Also, they learned to think honestly by themselves from their teacher through ways of poetry. Much like how Finny learned honesty through sportsmanship. Without knowing if Gene is honest or not, Finny and the members of the Dead Poet Society would have made much better friends. These friends where honest, and therefore could trust each other. Trust each other to resolve conflicts and become stronger friends.Conflicts are another way to determine someones true character. When a conflict occurs you can see what they do and how they react to the situation. Like when someone is cornered, and in danger of losing their life. Those animal instincts are a great way to see who some one really is. In a separate peace Gene deals with his conflicts by not talking about them and pushing his feeling down till they are gone.

Irony in Everyday Life :: Irony Essays

In general, a discrepancy between appearances and reality is irony. Irony is encountered thoughout our daily activies and comes in many ferments verbal, situational, and cosmic. communicative irony is the most familiar kind, this occurs when we understand that the speakers meaning is far from the usual meaning. For example, Sally rushes all morning to get to the parking lot early, only to fall upon her space taken, she then exclaims,This is exacly why I rushed, just so I can hunt for a empty space. We understand that she is non happy, and that her meaning is not literal. A form of verbal irony is sarcasm, this is when the statement made is ironic, exclusively it is bitter, coarse, and vulgar. An example of this is, a Beth says to Sally (who is covered in mud), Oh Sally, you look so benignant today The comment from Beth is made out of spite, simply to be rude and unkind. Sally understands that Beths real meaning is not what was said. The second form of irony is situational, this form is often confused with cosmic, the difference between the two is minimal. Situational irony is contradiction between what is expected to happen and happens. In cosmic irony the contradiction takes place, but a supernatural force is said to smoking campain, smokes. It would not be ironic for Kim to smoke, however the circumstances make the situation ironic. However Anne, the head of MADD, on her way to a meeting with the organization, is struck by a drunk driver and dies, not knowing that the drunk driver,who survives without a scratch, was her son. This is an example of both situational and cosmic irony. The situation is ironic but, a supernatural force seems to have created the situation. An example of the third form of irony, cosmic, is found in the story The Necklace, in which a married woman loses a diamond necklace that was lended to her, she and her husband work ten years to pay back the money they lended to buy a new necklace, only to discover the maestro necklace was fake.

Moralitys Biological Nature Essay example -- Biology Essays Research

Moralitys Biological Nature Implications for the Attribution of Good and Evil.A bit who has no assured and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with avenging and reward, can have for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. . . . If he acts for the good of others, he will receive the approbation of his fellow men and gain the love of those with whom he lives. - Charles DarwinIn my last paper Serial Killers righteous trying to feel normal, its not my fault (4) I addressed the question as to whether biology can make us murderers. In my paper I catalogued multiple instances in which biology seems to consistently differ between normal people and individuals who have been dubbed the most immoral, inhuman and evil predators of society. Though I found numerous biological differences between the normal brain and the murderers brain, it was not n ecessarily explained that morality is a common, biologically based aspect of human behavior. The nature of my prior paper was to fix whether there is a difference in our brain from that of a killer, but in this paper I explore the biological function of morality and its natural accompaniment in the catalogue of human behaviors. Discussing morality as a phenomenon that is inherent in humans will then allow the further exploration of the implications of deviation from this norm. squirt these individuals be labeled as evil and be held accountable for their behavior?As the former paper posed implications pertaining to the accountability of a murderer, this paper proposes that these individuals have strayed from the underlying... ...CA/Mail/xmcamail.1997_11.dir/0086.html3)Brain The neurobiology of morals. , A small, applicable article.http//www.nature.com/news/1999/991021/full/991021-6.htmljsessionid=DC80A23979EBD5D46DCA819DFA12AC264)Serial Killers Just trying to feel normal, its not my fault, My last paper.http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Solano.html5) Origins of Human Mind Revisited, A short article that touched upon about new ideas.http//abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/brainyapes980511.html6) To the objectives for Good Natured., Commentary upon de Waals book from a college class.http//mlabar.swu.edu/Animal%20Behavior/Comments%20on%20Good%20Natured.htm7) The Impact of Psychological Research on Christian Beliefs and Practices , A source of challenges, insights and reminders.http//www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture3.html

Moralitys Biological Nature Essay example -- Biology Essays Research

Moralitys Biological Nature Implications for the Attribution of Good and Evil.A man who has no secure and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with retribution and reward, can hold in for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. . . . If he acts for the good of others, he will receive the approbation of his fellow men and gain the love of those with whom he lives. - Charles DarwinIn my last paper Serial Killers Just trying to spirit normal, its not my fault (4) I addressed the question as to whether biology can make us murderers. In my paper I catalogd multiple instances in which biology seems to consistently differ in the midst of normal people and individuals who have been dubbed the most immoral, inhuman and evil predators of society. Though I found many biological differences between the normal brain and the murderers brain, it was n ot necessarily explained that morality is a common, biologically based aspect of human behavior. The nature of my prior paper was to ascertain whether there is a difference in our brain from that of a killer, but in this paper I explore the biological function of morality and its natural occurrence in the catalogue of human behaviors. Discussing morality as a phenomenon that is inherent in humans will then allow the further exploration of the implications of deviation from this norm. Can these individuals be labelled as evil and be held accountable for their behavior?As the former paper posed implications pertaining to the accountability of a murderer, this paper proposes that these individuals have strayed from the underlying... ...CA/Mail/xmcamail.1997_11.dir/0086.html3)Brain The neurobiology of morals. , A small, applicable article.http//www.nature.com/ news program/1999/991021/full/991021-6.htmljsessionid=DC80A23979EBD5D46DCA819DFA12AC264)Serial Killers Just trying to feel nor mal, its not my fault, My last paper.http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Solano.html5) Origins of Human Mind Revisited, A short article that touched upon some new ideas.http//abcnews.go.com/sections/ scientific discipline/DailyNews/brainyapes980511.html6) To the objectives for Good Natured., Commentary upon de Waals book from a college class.http//mlabar.swu.edu/Animal%20Behavior/Comments%20on%20Good%20Natured.htm7) The Impact of Psychological Research on Christian Beliefs and Practices , A source of challenges, insights and reminders.http//www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture3.html

The Philippine National Police

Philippine home(a) patrol ( PNP ) The Philippine subject area natural law or PNP is the national constabulary force of the Re man of the Philippines with a man tycoon strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement dish ups by means of its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local natural law force units all told in all oer the islands. Created by virtue of Republic manage 6975, otherwise known as the Department of the privileged and Local Government Act of 1990, the PNP came into being on January 29, 1991, at campground Crame, Quezon city, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National practice of law were retired as mandated by law.Vision The Men and Women of the PNP are committed to a vision of a professional, dynamic and super motivated Philippine National law working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safe place to live, work, put and do business with. Mission To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain stay and rule, and to ensure public safety and internal security with the active financial support of the community. Functions 1. Law Enforcement. 2. Maintain peace and order. 3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice. 4.Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws. 5. Detain an arrested person for a period non beyond what is prescribed by law. 6. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control. 7. Supervise and control the readying and operations of security agencies. History Early Policing Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The nightmen were under the direction of the alguacil city manager who provided them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication.In 1836, the Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the bucolicside. half-dozen eld later, its normal function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica. The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was nonionized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the control condition of Spanish accountabilityrs. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine police system. In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia polite took over peacekeeping duties in the islands under a Royal Decree.Guardia Civil in the provinces was be mainly of Filipinos who worked under the legal power of the alcaldes or whitethornors. They followed a military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of todays police service. The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order, curiously in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans. The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen.Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Bohol and Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary. Pacification Campaigns To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of scrap of the early American Constables and the bandits was man-to-man, on foot, and gener acquaintance by arms and bolos. The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American military whenever they directed foot patrol in the hinterlands. The Insular Force The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the main(prenominal) instrument of the civil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a small unitthe Insular Force in 1901. It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 75, enacted by the Second Philippine Com commission on July 18, 1901. The Constabulary indeed was composed of six h nonpareily oil men led by American officers and former shares of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American direction and control, it functi whizd as a military organization. Since its formation, the Constabulary had been in general discharging police law enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction both in the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects of public service. in that location was even a time in history when they performed the duties of t apieceers, sanitary inspectors, midwives, doctors and fore sters. The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when it was rigid under the general supervision of the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary of National Defense on March 30, 1950. The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II. As an insular police force, the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian title of inspector. Its peacekeeping trading was limited to areas where military rule had been lifted. The Constabulary At War The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began upon chairman Roosevelts declaration of a state of emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for war. The word had been sent Japan, the Axis powers ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far East. Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the assail of Pan-American Airways installation at San Pedro, Maklati in the afternoon of December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters Comp each(prenominal) were wounded. The next eld and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the countrys landmarks, airfields and naval bases. The Death March The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the Death March. Because of torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march. The Postwar Constabulary The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. T his was also the period when commie ideology had been propagated in the countryside and hard-line supporters had been won. The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to reckon with in Central Luzon.The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an ideal ground for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla forces in fighting the Japanese. The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas in the south. Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central Luzon.It was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police Command . Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Co mmand was suffering from its own internal crises. The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained military group who would be utilized to greet the problems. Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000 Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees. ReorganizationOn January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Commands 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in charge of the countrys peace and order except those which were purely military in nature. Brig. Gen. Mariano Castaneda became old geezer of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a extremity of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila.But Taruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to get in his back salaries and used the money for his comrades operations in Central Luzon. President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the friendly forgather for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands. The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines The Philippine Constabularys attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the decimation of the Huks.On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines. The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New Peoples Army. But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9, 196 9 in the hands of the Constabulary who killed the most count of communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.The PC Metropolitan Command The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the enlargement efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan Command. To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on July 14, 1967 establishing the PC Metrocom which became the PCs striking force as it was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to supplement or musical accompaniment local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes Martial Law and the PCThe Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos say Martial Law on September 21,1972. Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle the unconstitutional opposition and to prevent widespread malicious mischief and gang sterism. Convinced that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic and political structures. On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E.Marcos signed Presidential Decree 421 unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The move was significant as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force, that was placed under the aegis of the PC Metrocom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an co-ordinated national police force. The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A Olivas, commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V.Ramos and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy drumhead for police matters. General Olivas would contract t he power and direction over the Metrocom, including tactical, strategic movements, deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force and the training therefrom. On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components. They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.The Creation of the Philippine National Police The Peoples Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be national in mise en scene and civilian in character. In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990. The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S Cojuangco Jr. nd Rodrigo Guta ng. Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first theatre director General of the Philippine National Police. On January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired positively and the Philippine National Police was born. Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains.To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975. This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP into a more than responsive, effective and relevant police organization. Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly businesslike police force that is community and service-oriented and fully accountable in the performance o f its action. PNP SEAL Meaning And SymbolismLapu-Lapu Hero The great Filipino hero of Mactan, the prototype of the high hat and most overlord in Filipino manhood who is the symbol and embodiment of all the genuine attributes of leadership, courage, nationalism, self-reliance and a mess-based and people powered community defense. The compassionate and heroic warrior who derived added strength from a cohesive, de depotined and loyal people is today a fitting symbol and a prototype as well of people power to preserve our values, customs, traditions, way of life and the rule of law thru a solidly community-based police system.Lapu-Lapu also personifies for us today civilian constitutional indorsement. bay wreath Green Laurel with 14 leaves, symbolizes the 14 regional Commands. It is also a symbol of the honor, dignity and the privilege of being a part of a noble organization where the call to public service is par excellence a commitment to public trust. Shield The symbol of the Philippine Constabulary, the first National Police by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Philippine flush on 18 July 1901.The Philippine Constabulary for the close to 90 years of service to the nation has performed with honor, professionalism and courage. The PC has carved out a large part of the glorious pages of Philippine history, as attested by its proudly and deservedly garnering 86 of the 92 Medals of Valor the highest honor that a grateful Filipino nation can bestow on its gallant sons in the service of the Republic. to the highest degree appropriately therefore, the Philippine Constabulary became the nucleus of the Integrated National Police in 1975 to nurture the then embryonic concept of the nationalization of the countrys local police forces. troika Stars Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and the 1,700 islands and the territorial ace wherein the National Police must enforce the law and maintain peace and order with professionalism, zeal and dedication in keep ing with the highest ideals and traditions of service to our country and people. Service Honor Justice Added distinct ideals for the officers, men and women of the PNP to insure efficiency, integrity, cohesiveness, camaraderie and equanimity to enhance community acceptance and support to attain its mission of peace keeping and law enforcement.Sun Symbolize the flowering, maturing and ultimate realization of the glorious evolution of the PC/INP into a National Police Organization national in scope and civilian in character as enshrined in the 1986 Constitution. The Traditional light rays which represents the fightingest provinces whose ideals of courage and patriotism the members of the National Police must possess. Ranks Distribution The succeeding(a) ranks are observed in the PNP as of 2009 with the following (in descending order)10 Commissioned officers theatre director General (P D/Gen. ) General Deputy Director General (P D/DGen. ) police lieutenant General Director ( P Dir. Major General principal(prenominal) Superintendent (P C/Supt. ) Brigadier General old Superintendent (P S/Supt. ) Colonel Superintendent (P Supt. ) Lieutenant Colonel head Inspector (P C/Insp. ) Major older Inspector (P S/Insp. ) Captain Inspector (P Insp. ) Lieutenant punctuate Rank in Italics is the Army tantamount(predicate). There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the P. N. P. Non-commissioned officers older Police Officer IV (SPO4) Senior Master Sergeant / Chief Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) Technical Sergeant Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) Staff SergeantPolice Officer III (PO3) Sergeant Police Officer II (PO2) Corporal Police Officer I (PO1) snobbish First Class Note Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Private rank-equivalent in the P. N. P. (Philippine National Police) List of PNP CHIEFS Name Term of Office Start End 1 Cesar P. Nazareno1 31 March 1991 28 August 1992 2 Raul S. Imperial1 28 August 1992 (acting) 28 October 1992 (official) 6 May 1993 3 Umberto Rodriguez1 6 May 1993 8 July 1994 4 Recaredo Arevalo Sarmiento II1 8 July 1994 1997 5 Santiago L. Alino2 1997 1998 6 Roberto T. Lastimoso2 1998 1999 7 Edmundo L.Larozza2 1999 (acting) 1999 8 Panfilo M. Lacson2 November 1999 January 2001 9 Leandro Mendoza2 16 March 2001 2002 10 Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. 3 July 2002 23 August 2004 11 Edgar B. Aglipay34 23 August 2004 March 6, 2005 12 Arturo Lomibao45 March 13, 2005 August 29, 2006 13 Oscar Castelo Calderon56 August 29, 2006 October 1, 2007 14 Avelino Ignacio Razon, Jr. 6 October 1, 2007 September 27, 2008 15 Jesus Ame Verzosa7 September 27, 2008 September 14, 2010 16 Raul Macalalad Bacalzo September 14, 2010 September 8, 2011 17 Nicanor Ancheta Bartolome September 8, 2011 PNP Key Officers DESIGNATION RANK NAME C, PNP PDG NICANOR A BARTOLOME TDCA PDDG ARTURO G CACDAC JR TDCO PDDG EMELITO T SARMIENTO TCDS PDDG ROMMEL DF HEREDIA IAS PCSUPT ALEXANDER ROLDAN OIC, HRAO PSSUPT NESTOR M FAJURA SDS PCSUPT BERNARDO C FLORECE JR C, PIO PCSUPT GENEROSO R CERBO JR ___________________ _______ _____________________ DIRECTORIAL STAFF UNIT DESIGNATION RANK NAME DPRM Dir, DPRM PDIR ELPIDIO Z DE ASIS JR Dep Dir, DPRM PCSUPT JOSE ERWIN T VILLACORTE playacting EX-O, DPRM PSSUPT NOEL G CONSTANTINO DI Dir, DI PDIR AGER P ONTOG JR Dep Dir, DI PCSUPT NOEL O DELOS REYES EX-O, DI PCSUPT DIOSDADO G RAMOS DO Dir, DO PDIR SAMUEL B DICIANO Dep Dir, DO PCSUPT RICARDO C MARQUEZ EX-O, DO unoccupied DL Dir, DL PDIR ARNULFO DR PEREZ Dep Dir, DL PCSUPT RAUL BASILIO D BOAC EX-O, DL PCSUPT PERCIVAL G BARBA DPL OIC Dir, DPL PCSUPT JESUS T GATCHALIAN Dep Dir, DPL PCSUPT JESUS T GATCHALIAN performing EX-O, DPL PSSUPT ALLEN N FORTES DC Dir, DC PDIR ROQUE G RAMIREZ Dep Dir, DC PCSUPT DANILO S CONSTANTINO EX-O, DC PCSUPT ALEXANDER C IGNACIO DPCR Dir, DPCR PDIR LINA C SARMIENTO OIC Dep Dir, DPCR PC SUPT ROLAND A VICENTE Acting EX-O, DPCR PCSUPT ROLAND A VICENTE DIDM OIC, DIDM PCSUPT JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ Acting Dep Dir, DIDM PCSUPT JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ EX-O, DIDM PCSUPT CHRISTOPHER A LAXA DHRDD Dir, DHRDD PDIR REY L LANADA Dep Dir, DHRDD PCSUPT ISAGANI F GENABE JR EX-O, DHRDD PCSUPT RONILO V QUEBRAR DRD Dir, DRD PDIR FELIPE L ROJAS Dep Dir, DRD PCSUPT DOMINADOR E AQUINO JR EX-O, DRD PCSUPT DANILO J ALCORIZA DICTM Dir, DICTM PDIR ANGELITO N PACIA Dep Dir, DICTM VACANT Acting EX-O, DICTM PSSUPT WENCY T PASCUAL DIPO-NL Acting Dir, DIPO-NL PCSUPT WILSON R achieverIO Dep Dir, DIPO-NL VACANT Acting EX-O, DIPO-NL PSSUPT JAMES B BUCAYU DIPO-SL Acting Dir, DIPO-SL PCSUPT GEORGE T REGIS Dep Dir, DIPO-SL PCSUPT FEDERICO E LACISTE JR EX-O, DIPO-SL PCSUPT FIDEL G POSADAS DIPO-VIS Dir, DIPO-VIS PDIR JAIME D CALUNGSUD JR Dep Dir, DIPO-VIS PCSUPT VALIANT G DE GUZMAN EX-O, DIPO-VIS PCSUPT HENRY S RANOLA JR DIPO-EM D,DIPO-EM PDIR FELICISIMO V KHU JR Acting Dep Dir, DIPO-EM PCSUPT BIENVENIDO G LATAG EX-O, DIPO-EM PCSUPT EDGARDO C INGKING DIPO-WM Dir, DIPO-WM PDIR MANUEL R BARCENA Dep Dir, DIPO-WM PCSUPT FRANCISCO R CRISTOBAL JR EX-O,DIPO-WM PCSUPT PATERNO P HERNANDEZ NATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS LSS Dir, LSS PCSUPT REX MILTON A DOLINO DDA, LSS PSSUPT JOSE ERNESTO E FERNANDEZ JR CDS, LSS PSSUPT MANUEL DG OBRERA ITMS Acting Dir, ITMS PSSUPT ROGELIO M DAMAZO Acting Deputy Director PSSUPT JOEL VICTOR V CANAPI Acting CDS, ITMS PSSUPT NAPOLEON C TAAS FS Dir, FS PCSUPT ROLANDO A PURUGGANAN Acting DDA, FS PSSUPT FELIXBERTO S LAGIWID Acting CDS, FS PSSUPT TED PEDRONISTO A QUIANO HS Acting Dir, HS PSSUPT MA ANGELA M VIDAL Deputy Director PSSUPT FLORENIA A ZENAROSA CDS, HS PSSUPT MARIE YVONNE S REYES CES Acting Dir, CES PCSUPT WILLIE M TOLENTINO DDA, CES PSSUPT RODEL D CALUNGSUD Acting CDS, CES PSSUPT JOB F MARASIGAN CHS Dir, CHS PSSUPT DEODY O BARRET DDA, CHS PSSUPT ELIGIO A MATIVO LS Dir, LS PC SUPT FRANCISCO A UYAMI JR LS PSSUPT ULYSSES J ABELLERA CDS, LS PSSUPT BARTOLOME C TOBIAS HSS Dir, HSS PCSUPT CARMELO E VALMORIA DDA, HSS PSSUPT ROLANDO R MACUSI Acting DDO, HSS PSSUPT RAMON C APOLINARIO CDS, HSS PSSUPT TEODORO J BASA ES Dir, ES PCSUPT CRISTINO C CAMPANILLA DDA, ES PSSUPT JEROME P PAGARAGAN CDS, ES PSSUPT JOEL FELIX MATEO D RUNES IV TS Acting Dir, TS PCSUPT HENRY P LOSANES DDA, TS PSSUPT JOSE L GENTILES CDS, TS PSSUPT JOHN Q SOSITO PRBS Dir, PRBS PSSUPT VIRGIL F BOMBITA DD, PRBS PSSUPT RICHARD A ALBANO CLG OIC Dir, CLG PSSUPT LIZA M SABONG DDA, CLG PSSUPT LIZA M SABONG DDO, CLG VACANT CDS, CLG PSSUPT EMMANUEL L ARANAS MG Dir, MG PCSUPT FRANCISCO DON C MONTENEGRO DDA, MG PSSUPT ASHER A DOLINA DDO, MG PSSUPT FERDINAND P YUZON CDS, MG PSSUPT SAMUEL DG SYLIM AVSEG Acting Dir, ASG PCSUPT JESUS GORDON P DESCANZO DDA, ASG PSSUPT ARTURO M EVANGELISTA, SR DDO, ASG PSSUPT LUIS RICARDO C CHAVEZ Acting CDS, ASG PSSUPT JOSE V CARILLO SAF Dir, SAF PDIR CATALINO S CUY DDA, SAF PCSUPT GETULIO S NAPENAS CDS, SAF PSSUPT MORO VIRGILIO M LAZO HPG Dir, HPG PCSUPT LEONARDO A ESPINA DDA, HPG VACANT DDO, HPG PSSUPT PETRONIO A RETIRADO CDS, HPG PSSUPT REUBEN THEODORE C SINDAC PCRG D, PCRG PCSUPT AGRIMERO A CRUZ JR Acting DDA, PCRG PSSUPT NESTOR F QUINSAY JR CDS, PCRG PSSUPT RUSTICO V BASCUGIN CIDG Dir, CIDG PDIR SAMUEL D PAGDILAO, JR DDA, CIDG PSSUPT FEDERICO P CASTRO JR DDO, CIDG PSSUPT KEITH ERNALD L SINGIAN CDS, CIDG PSSUPT RENE D ONG PSPG Dir, PSPG PCSUPT WILHELM E BARLIS Acting DDA, PSPG PSSUPT DIOSDADO T VALEROSO Acting CDS, PSPG PSSUPT ROLANDO Z NANA IG Dir, IG PCSUPT CHARLES T CALIMA DDA, IG PSSUPT ABELARDO P VILLACORTA DDO, IG PSSUPT ALLEN B BANTOLO CDS, IG PSSUPT PHILIP GIL M PHILLIPPS CSG Dir, CSG PDIR GIL C MENESES DDA, CSG PCSUPT NOEL LAZARUS C VARGAS CDS, CSG PSSUPT FERDINAND E SANTOS FED Chief, FEO PCSUPT RAUL D PETRASANTA SOSIA C, SOSIA PCSUPT TOMAS G RENTO Y III REGIONAL DIRECTORS AND DIRECTORIAL STAFF NCRPO RD, NCRPO PDIR ALAN LM PURISIMA DRDA, NCRPO PCSUPT SONNY Y DAVID DRDO, NCRPO PCSUPT JUANITO B VANO JR RCDS, NCRPO PCSUPT ARAZAD P SUBONG NPD DD, NPD PCSUPT ANTONIO L DECANO DDDA, NPD PSSUPT WILSON M AMPER DDDO, NPD VACANT CDDS, NPD PSSUPT ERIC SERAFIN G REYES EPD DD, EPD PCSUPT MIGUEL DM LAUREL OIC DDDA, EPD PSSUPT ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR DDDO, EPD PSSUPT ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR CDDS, EPD PSSUPT DANILO L MALIGALIG MPD DD, MPD PCSUPT ALEJANDRO F GUTIERREZ DDDA, MPD PSSUPT JOSEPHUS G ANGAN DDDO, MPD PSSUPT ROBERT G PO CDDS, MPD PSSUPT RONALD R ESTILLES QCPD DD, QCPD PCSUPT MARIO O DELA VEGA DDDA, QCPD VACANT DDDO, QCPD PSSUPT JOEL D PAGDILAO CDDS, QCPD PSSUPT NERI A ILAGAN SPD DD, SPD PCSUPT BENITO C ESTIPONA DDDA, SPD VACANT DDDO, SPD PSSUPT ROLANDO E ASUNCION Acting CDDS, SPD PSSUPT CONRADO S CAPA professional person 1 RD, professional person1 PCSUPT FRANKLIN JESUS B BUCAYU DRDA, professio nal person1 PCSUPT ROMAN A FELIX DRDO, PRO1 PSSUPT MANOLITO C LABADOR RCDS, PRO1 PSSUPT ALEJANDRO M VALERIO JR PRO 2 RD, PRO2 PCSUPT RODRIGO P DE GRACIA DRDA, PRO2 PCSUPT MANUEL P PINERA DRDO, PRO2 PSSUPT RUFINO JEFFREY L MANERE Acting RCDS, PRO2 PSSUPT PEDRO R DANGUILAN PRO 3 RD, PRO3 PCSUPT EDGARDO T LADAO Acting DRDA, PRO3 PSSUPT WENDY G ROSARIO DRDO, PRO3 PSSUPT NOLI G TALINO RCDS, PRO3 PSSUPT AGRIPINO G JAVIER PRO 4-A Acting RD, PRO4-A PCSUPT JAMES ANDRES B MELAD DRDA, PRO4-A PCSUPT ABNER O DIMABUYU DRDO, PRO4-A PSSUPT EDWIN T ERNI RCDS, PRO4-A PSSUPT RONALD V SANTOS PRO 4-B RD, PRO4-B PCSUPT ARTEMIO G HICBAN DRDA, PRO4-B PCSUPT EDGAR L LAYON DRDO, PRO4-B PSSUPT DENNIS J PENA Acting RCDS, PRO4-B PSSUPT VIRGILIO C PARROCHA PRO 5 RD, PRO5 PCSUPT JOSE ARNE M DELOS SANTOS DRDA, PRO5 PCSUPT VICTOR P DEONA Acting DRDO, PRO5 PSSUPT PANCHO ADELBERTO M HUBILLA RCDS, PRO5 PSSUPT ARNOLD L ALBIS PRO 6 RD, PRO6 PCSUPT CIPRIANO E QUEROL JR Acting DRDA , PRO6 PSSUPT MANUEL B FELIX DRDO, PRO6 PSSUPT WESLEY A BARAYUGA OIC RCDS, PRO6 PSSUPT ALLAN C GUISIHAN PRO 7 RD, PRO7 PCSUPT MARCEL P GARBO JR DRDA, PRO7 PCSUPT SAMUEL M YORDAN DRDO, PRO7 PSSUPT LOUIE T OPPUS RCDS, PRO7 PSSUPT ORLANDO D UALAT PRO 8 RD, PRO8 PCSUPT ARNOLD R REVILLA DRDA, PRO8 PCSUPT VICENTE A LOOT DRDO, PRO8 PSSUPT EDGAR O BASBAS RCDS, PRO8 PSSUPT PEPITO M PACADA PRO 9 RD, PRO9 PCSUPT NAPOLEON R ESTILLES DRDA, PRO9 PCSUPT MARIO B YANGA DRDO, PRO9 PSSUPT RAMON M OCHOTORENA RCDS, PRO9 PSSUPT CORNELIO N BARRIOS PRO 10 Acting RD, PRO10 PCSUPT GIL J HITOSIS DRDA, PRO10 PCSUPT CATALINO B RODRIGUEZ JR DRDO, PRO10 PSSUPT LYNDEL A DESQUITADO RCDS, PRO10 PSSUPT VIRGILIO T RANES PRO 11 RD, PRO11 PCSUPT JAIME H MORENTE DRDA, PRO11 PCSUPT ANSELMO P PINILI DRDO, PRO11 PSSUPT FEDERICO L DULAY JR RCDS, PRO 11, PSSUPT PIERRE R BUCSIT PRO 12 RD, PRO 12 PCSUPT ALEX PAUL I MONTEAGUDO DRDA, PRO 12 PCSUPT LESTER O CAMBA DRDO, PRO 12 PSSUPT ROBERT R KIUNISALA RCDS, PRO 12 PSSUPT ELMER C BELTEJAR PRO 13 RD, PRO13 PCSUPT REYNALDO S RAFAL Acting DRDA, PRO13 PSSUPT MARIO O SORIANO DRDO, PRO13 PSSUPT FERNANDO G SEVILLA RCDS, PRO13 PSSUPT DAVID Y OMBAO PRO ARMM RD, PRO ARMM PCSUPT MARIO A AVENIDO DRDA, PRO ARMM PCSUPT JOEL MA T ALVAREZ DRDO, PRO ARMM PSSUPT ALBERTO C SUPAPO RCDS, PRO ARMM PSSUPT SERGIO A DIMANDAL PRO COR RD, PRO COR PCSUPT BENJAMIN B MAGALONG DRDA, PRO COR PCSUPT ELMER R SORIA DRDO, PRO COR PSSUPT ROBERTO Q SORIANO RCDS, PRO COR PSSUPT DONATO O BACQUIAN GENERAL capability FOR APPOINTMENT * A citizen of the Philippines * A person of undecomposed moral character * essential imbibe passed the physical Agility Test, Neuro-Psychological trial run, General Physical and Dental Examination as well as Drug Test to e administered by the PNP for the purpose of determining physical and moral health * must(prenominal) possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning * Must be eligible in accordance of rights with the standards set by NAPOLCOM * Must have not been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government * Must have not been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude * Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1. 2 m. ) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1. 57 m. ) for female * Must not weigh not more or less five kilograms (5 kgs. ) than the standard weight corresponding to his or her height, age, and sex and * Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age upon take oath. Except for the last qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be continuing in character and an absence of any one of them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or retirement from the service Provided, that PNP members who are already in the service upon the effectively of RA 8551 shall be given at least two (2) years to obtain the minimum education qualification and one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement. Eligibility Requirements Civil Service Professional (CSP) PO1 Entrance Exam (NAPOLCOM CSC)RA 1080 (Board Passer, Med Doctor, Engineering, Teacher etc ) RA 6506 (Criminologist) PD 907 For Regular Recruitment Quota, appliers whitethorn submit his/her folder with complete documentary requirements to the eclogue Screening charge for eventual recommendation to the PNP Regional Screening Committee. Documentary Requirements * Personal Data Sheet (CS form 212, Revised 2005) * Birth Certificate man and wife Contract, Birth Certificate of Children * Transcript of Scholastic Records Diploma * Eligibility * Clearances1 Piece whole Body Picture Barangay Clearance Local Police Clearance * Mayors Clearance * MTC/RTC/Prosecutor Clearance * NBI Clearance * DI Clearance PHQ S2) * Good Moral Character for College/University * Medical Certifcate from L ocal Health Office Note Documents must be properly authenticated by issuing office/ agency. Use ordinary BLUE Long Folder with plastic cover white tabbings for the application folders. Ad Hoc Screening Committee Ad Hoc Screening Committee that shall be responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies in the area and determination of the fitness of police applicants.The Screening Committee shall be composed as follows a. City/Municipal Screening Committee * Members * Vice-Mayor designated as prexy * DILG CLGOO/MLGO as Vice- president * POC Member from the Academe designated as Member * City Director (for City Level)/Chief of Police (Municipal Level) and Member b. Provincial Screening Committee PNP Deputy Provincial Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the province designated by the Provincial Director Chairman. Members NAPOLCOM Official to be designated by the NAPOLCOM Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the province to be designated by the Provincial Governor * PLEB Chairman in the locality where the selection will be undertaken * PPOC Representative to be designated by the PPOC Chairman c. Regional Screening Committee PNP Deputy Regional Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the Regional Command designated by the PNP Regional Director Chairman Members NAPOLCOM Senior Official in the Regional Office to be designated by the Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the region to be designated by the Provincial Governor of the province where the Regional Command Headquarters is situated. * PLEB Chairman in the locality where the selection will be undertaken * RPOC Representative to be designated by the RPOC Chairman Additional Screening and Recruitment Committees, however, whitethorn be accomplished by the PNP to facilitate expeditious and efficient processing of applications, provided the herein required membership shall be followed.Screening Procedur e a. Preliminary Interview/Screening A blame system shall be applied in the assessment and evaluation of the measurable qualification standards possessed by an individual applicant. The applicant shall be questioned personally by the Screening Committee. If the applicant qualifies, he/she shall be required to present or accomplish the following Minimum Points Maximum Points Educational 21 pts 30 pts Eligibility 21 pts 30 pts Physical Agility Test 10. 5 pts 15 pts Final Interview 16 pts 25 pts 68. 5 pts 100 pts iven for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with honors and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points) b. Physical Agility Test (15 pts) The Screening Committee shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test designed to determine whether or not he possesses the required coordination, strength and speed of movement necessary for service, as follows Maximum Total 100 pts Passing Score 75 pts A. 7 allure ups (3 pts each) hanging (time in sec divided by 6 = pts earned) men 21 points women B. 2 min Push ups (0. 5 pt each) men 20 points 1. 0 pt each) women C. 2 min Sit ups (0. 5 pt each) men 21 points (1. 0 pt each) women D. 100 meter run 18 points 100 Meter Runs (Sprint) Men Women Below 13. 0 sec or less 20 pts Below 19 seconds 13 seconds + 18 pts 19 seconds + 14 seconds + 16 pts 20 seconds + 16 pts 15 seconds + 14 pts 21 seconds + 14 pts 16 seconds + 12 pts 22 seconds + 12 pts 17 seconds up 10 pts 23 seconds + 10 pts 1000 Meter Runs Men women 325 and below 18 pts 425 below 18 pts 326 346 16 pts 426 446 16 pts 47 4 07 14 pts 447 5 07 14 pts 408 4 28 12 pts 508 5 28 12 pts c. Psychological and/or Neuro Psychiatric Test To exclude applicants who may be suffering from any mental disorder, the applicant shall take a psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be administered by the PNP, or any duly recognized institution and meet all the requirements in paragraph (a) above. d. Character and B ackground Investigation The Screening Committee shall cause an intensive investigation to be conducted on the character and background of the applicant with the end in view of etermining his character reputation and possible involvement in any questionable or criminal activities as well as his propensity toward violence or use of force. e. Physical and Mental Examination In order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free from any contagious diseases, a physical and medical examination must be conducted by the city/municipal health officer or PNP medical officer after he/she competent for preliminary interview. f.Final interview (25 pts) The Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicant for suitability for police work. The interview shall aid in determining likeableness, affability, attitude towards work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, disagreeable mannerism, etc. g. Oath-Taking After the final deliberation and throu gh selection among the qualified applicants, the successful applications shall take their oath of Office. h. Probationary period of at least twelve (12) months.The New PO1s must undergo the Public Safety Basic Recruit line of descent (PSBRC) and Field Training Program in order to attain permanent status. Appointment of PNP Officers and Members The appointment of the officers and members of the PNP shall be effected in the following manner (a) Police Officer I to Senior Police Officer IV . name by the PNP regional director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for the national headquarters personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission. (b) Inspector to Superintendent Appointed by the Chief of the PNP, as recommended by their immediate superiors, attested by the Civil Service Commission(c) Senior Superintendent to Deputy Director General . Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the chief of the PNP, with proper endorsement by the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments and(d) Director General . Appointed by the President from among the senior officers down to the rank of chief superintendent in the service, subject to confirmation by theCommission on Appointments Provided, That the Chief of the PNP shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years Provided, further, That, in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty. Qualifications of Chief of City and Municipal Police Stations 1. No person may be nominate chief of a city police station unless he holds bachs degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality with the rank of captain or its equivalent therein for at least three (3) years. . No person may be appointed chief of a municipal police station unless he holds a bachelors degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served as officer in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality for at least two(2) years with the rank lieutenant or its equivalent Provided, 3.That a member of the Bar with at least five (5) years experience in active law practice and who possesses the general qualifications under component 30 of this Act shall be qualified for appointment as chief of a city or municipal police station Provided, further, That the chief of police shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 51, paragraph b), subparagraph (4) (i) of this Act. Promotions a) A member of the PNP shall not be eligible for promotion to a higher position or rankunless he has successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by theCommission, or the Bar or corresponding board examinations for technical services and other professions, and has satisfactorily completed an appropriate and accredited cours e in thePNP or equivalent training institutions. In addition, no member of the PNP shall eligible for promotion unless he has been cleared by the Peoples Law Enforcement Board (PLEB) of complaints proffered against him, if any. b) Special promotion may be extended to any member of the PNP for acts of conspicuouscourage and gallantry at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, or selected assuch in a nationwide search conducted by the PNP or any accredited civic organization. PNP RANKS AND INSIGNIA Police Commissioned Officer get up Ranks Police Chief Superintendent General Police Director Police Deputy Director General Police Director General Police Chief Inspector Police Superintendent Police Senior Superintendent Police Inspector Police Senior Inspector Police Non-Commissioned Officer Sleeve Ranks Senior Police Officer I Senior Police Officer II Senior Police Officer III Senior Police Officer IV Police Officer I Police Officer II Police Office r III NoteRank inItalicsis the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the PNP. ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY MACHINERY (RA 6975 Sec 41-50) Section 41. (a) Citizens Complaints. Any complaint by an individual person against any member of the PNP shall be brought before the following (1) Chiefs of police, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, good luck or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days (2) Mayors of cities or municipalities, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not exceeding thirty (30) days (3) Peoples Law Enforcement Board, as created under Section 43 hereof, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension of forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding thirty (30) days or by dismissal. The Commission shall provide in its implementing rules and regulations a scale of penalties to be impose upon any member of the PNP under this section. (b) Internal Discipline. In dealing with minor offenses involving internal afflict found to have been committed by any fixture member of their respective commands, the duly designated supervisors and equivalent officers of the PNP shall, after due notice and summary audition, exercise disciplinary powers as follows (1) Chiefs of police or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of criticism or reprimand restriction to specified limits withholding of privileges forfeiture of salary or suspension or any of the combination of the foregoing Provided That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days (2) Provincial directors or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand restriction to specified limits withholding of privileges forfeiture of salary or suspension or any combination of the foregoing Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed thirty (30) days (3) Police regional directors or equivalent supervisors shall have the power to impose upon any member the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service. He may also impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand restriction to specified limits withholding of privileges suspension or forfeiture of salary demotion or any combination of the foregoing Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed sixty (60) days (4) The Chief of the PNP shall have the power to impose the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service suspension or forfeiture of salary or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days. (c) grievous bodily harm Jurisdiction. A c omplaint or a charge filed against a PNP member shall be heard and decided exclusively by the disciplining authority who has acquired original jurisdiction over the case and notwithstanding the existence of concurrent jurisdiction as regards the offense Provided, That offenses which carry higher penalties referred to a disciplining authority shall be referred to the appropriate authority which has jurisdiction over the offense. For purposes of this Act, a minor offense shall refer to an act or omission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting the internal discipline of the PNP, and shall include, but not limited to (1) Simple misconduct or negligence (2) Insubordination (3) Frequent absences or tardiness 4) Habitual drunkenness and (5) Gambling prohibited by law. Section 42. Summary Dismissal Powers of the PNP Chief and Regional Directors. The Chief of the PNP and regional directors, after due notice and summary hearings, may immediately remove or dismiss any respondent PNP mem ber in any of the following cases (a) When the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong (b) When the respondent is a backslider or has been repeatedly charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty of the charges and (c) When the respondent is guilty of conduct unbecoming of a police officer. Section 43. Peoples Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). (a) Creation and Functions. Within thirty (30) days from the issuance of the implementing rules and regulations by the Commission, there shall be created by the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan in all(prenominal) city and municipality such number of Peoples Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) as may be necessary Provided, That there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for either municipality and for each of the legislative districts in a city. The PLEB shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide citizens complaints or cases filed before it against erring officers and members of the PNP. There shall be at least one (1) PL EB for every five hundred (500) city or municipal police personnel. b) Composition and Term of Office. The PLEB shall be composed of the following (1) Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan elect by his respective sanggunian (2) Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned chosen by the association of barangay captains and (3) Three (3) other members who shall be chosen by the peace and order council from among the respected members of the community known for their probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must be a member of the Bar or, in the absence thereof, a college graduate, or the principal of the central elementary school in the locality. The Chairman of the PLEB shall be elected from among its members.The term of office of the members of the PLEB shall be for a period of two (2) years from assumption of office. Such member shall hold office until his successor shall have been chosen and qualified. (c) Compensation Membership in the PLEB is a civic duty. However, PLEB members may be paid per diem as may be determined by the city or municipal council from city or municipal funds. (d) Procedure (1) The PLEB, by a majority vote of all its members and its Chairman shall determine whether or not the respondent officer or member of the PNP is guilty of the charge upon which the complaint is based. (2) Each case shall be decided within sixty (60) days from the time the case has been filed with the PLEB. 3) The procedures in the PLEB shall be summary in nature, conducted in accordance with due process, but without strict regard to technical rules of evidence. (4) The Commission shall issue the necessary implementing guidelines and procedures to be adopted by the PLEB, including graduated penalties which may be imposed by the PLEB. (5) The Commission may assign the present NAPOLCOM hearing officers to act as legal consultants of the PLEBs and provide, whenever necessary, legal services, assistance and advise to the PLEBs in hearing and dec iding cases against officers and members of the PNP, especially those involving difficult questions of law Provided, That these lawyers may also be assigned to investigate claims for death and disability benefits of PNP members or their heirs. e) Decisions The decision of the PLEB shall become final and executory Provided, That a decision involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed by either party with the regional appellant board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the decision. Section 44. Disciplinary appellant Boards. The formal administrative disciplinary machinery for the PNP shall be the National Appellate Board and the regional appellate boards. The National Appellate Board shall consist of four (4) divisions, each division composed of a Commissioner as Chairman and two (2) other members. The Board shall consider appeals from decisions of the Chief of the PNP. The National Appellate Board may conduct its hearings or sessions in Metropolit an Manila or any part of the country as it may deem necessary.There shall be at least one (1) regional appellate board per administrative region in the country to be composed of a senior officer of the regional Commission as Chairman and one (1) representative each from the PNP, and the regional peace and order council as members. It shall consider appeals from decisions of the regional directors, other officials, mayors, and the PLEBs Provided, That the Commission may create supernumerary regional appellate boards as the need arises. Section 45. Finality of Disciplinary Action. The disciplinary action imposed upon a member of the PNP shall be final and executory Provided, That a disciplinary action imposed by the regional director or by he PLEB involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed to the regional appellate board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the notice of decision Provided, further, That the disciplinary action imposed by the Chief o f the PNP involving demotion or dismissal may be appealed to the National Appellate Board within ten (10) days from receipt thereof Provided, furthermore, That the regional or National Appellate Board, as the case may be, shall decide the appeal within sixty (60) days from receipt of the notice of appeal Provided, finally, That failure of the regional appellate board to act on the appeal within said period shall render the decision final and executory without prejudice, however, to the filing of an appeal by either party with the Secretary. Section 46. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, criminal cases involving PNP members shall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the regular courts Provided, That the courts-martial appointed pursuant(predicate) to Presidential Decree No. 1850 shall continue to try PC-INP members who have already been arraigned, to include appropriate actions thereon by the reviewing authorities pursuant to Commonw ealth Act No. 408, otherwise known as the Articles of War, as amended, and Executive Order No. 178, otherwise known as the Manual for Courts-Martial Provided, further, That criminal cases against PC-INP members who may have not yet been arraigned upon the effectivity of this Act shall be transferred to the proper city or provincial prosecutor or municipal trial court judge. Section 47. Preventive Suspension Pending Criminal Case. Upon the filing of a complaint or information sufficient in form and substance against a member of the PNP for grave felonies where the penalty imposed by law is six (6) years and one (1) day or more, the court shall immediately suspend the accused from office until the case is terminated. Such case shall be subject to continuous trial and shall be terminated within ninety (90) days from arraignment of the accused. Section 48. Entitlement to Reinstatement and Salary. A member of the PNP who may have been suspended from office in accordance with the provisi ons of this Act or who shall have been terminated or separated from office shall, upon forbearance from the charges against him, be entitled to reinstatement and to prompt payment of salary, allowances and other benefits withheld from him by reason of such suspension or termination. Section 49. Legal Assistance. The Secretary of the Department of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission or the Chief of the PNP may authorize lawyers of their respective agencies to provide legal assistance to any member of the PNP who is facing before the prosecutors office, the court or any competent body, a charge or charges arising from any incident which is related to the performance of his official duty Provided, That government lawyers so authorized shall have the power to administer oaths. The Secretary of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission, and the Chief of the PNP shall jointly promulgate rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this section. Section 50. Power to Administer O aths. Officials of the Commission who are appointed by the President, as well as officers of the PNP from rank of inspector to senior superintendent, shall have the power to administer oaths on matters which are connected with the performance of their official duties.

Extreme Sports Essay

The X Games is one of the more popular boasting events, where plenty gather to watch athletes compete in complete sports. Some of these sports include skateboarding, mountain biking and motorcycle racing. The community around extreme sports can sometimes be seen as exclusive and particular when it comes to defining what an extreme sport is and who is a true radical.Originally, I believe the extreme sport community created this division of play because they thought their sports did non fit in at a standard sport event. Part of the reason some the extreme athletes participate in their sport is because they see it as a way of defying the boundaries of what is seen as a typical sport. Most extreme sports be about pushing limits. Extreme sports are not conventional in the sense that practicing isnt really necessary, a coach isnt necessary, and the sports are very individualistic. Some of the extreme sport athletes do it for the adrenaline rush.They do it purely for themselves. The ir reasoning contrasts to some of the other sports where lots of practice and coaching is essential for success. A lot of the athletes that compete in non extreme sports are focused on getting sponsors or when youre younger, getting recruited for college. For the extreme sport community this is considered to be feeding into the capitalist society/culture. Part of extreme sports is about taking risks and not having anything to fall back on.The X games have put a strain on the extreme sports community because some await to come back that the event has altered the true goal of the sport, which is to take risks and to go against the mainstream culture. Some people seem to believe that it has become like the other sporting events, in the sense that there are now big sponsors and judges. They argue that the extreme athletes are no longer taking risks because they want to make certain(predicate) they can land the trick. The goal is no longer to try new tricks and push the bar, but its m ore about doing what you know will please the judges. This goes against what extremist before wanted for the sport. It takes the riskout of it and you no longer do it for yourself but for the judges. The fact that there are sponsors is also a cause for contention because some people see it as the athletes being sellouts.For example, Tony Hawk is famous skate boarder. He has a lot of sponsors, video games, and ads. Some say he is no longer a true extremist because of it. At the same time, what makes the sports in the X games more extreme than say diving or gymnastics? Both sports are very individualistic and there is a lot of a risk, yet they are not seen as extreme sports. I think the extreme sports community has tried to make their community too exclusive and extreme sports benefit from the X games and the sponsors and judges it brings. The event does bring aspects that were not originally a part of the sport, but the extreme sports community will grow now. Extremist can still c ontinue to push limits and do the sport for themselves condescension what others may think.

Lets Put Pornography Back in the Closet by Susan Brownmiller

Chad Cummins English 122Y Mr. Fiorenza Analysis Paper The first essay I chose is Lets put pornography back in the closet, by Susan Brownmiller. I chose this one because I figured analyzing it would non be too ticklish after writing about get-go Amendment Junkie, in a previous assignment. Susan Brownmillers essay voices her feminist view towards pornographic material. Her claim is that without restriction, the first amendment has allowed women to be publicly perceived as objects. The first amendment gives American citizens the right to free speech, and in Brownmillers opinion the nation abuses that right.Obscenity laws discombobulate been in place since the early seventies, but harmonize to Brownmiller, the Court has ruled sexually explicit con hug drugt not obscene many times throughout history. By her bringing up the Hollywood ten makes readers think that the directors of pornography should also go to jail. Her feminist view is that graphic pornographic content is obscene when it degrades women. Sexual material with educational or target purpose is fine, as long as there is no dehumanizing or demeaning of women.Brownmillers opinion is that porn turns women into objects, and is advertised in such a charge that the public perception of women is that they are just material objects. She thinks material that humiliates women in this way should be restricted, shut forward from the public eye. Instead it gets flaunted as its been in the past. One example she chooses to fight her case is that if the public perception of women is that they are objects, a rapist susceptibility safely think hes done nothing wrong. She says it makes a rapist feel like he is merely giving into normal urges.Brownmiller implicitly anticipates many angles for argument in her essay. She goes after the argument one might make that pornography is a form of art. Her opinion is that the porn industry is an unethical professional business using high standards of visual technology. They get away with it now because it is skillfully filmed and edited, to have a good design of artful grace. Another argument she predicts is the opposition made by the Court reflection that no one is compelled to look. Her opinion is that with porn having the ability to flaunt tself openly to the general public without the filtering of degrading explicit content, it just throws itself in the grammatical construction of the public. Brownmiller has said one possible solution at least to her would be to get the stuff out of sight. She wants to leave it up to the legislators. Let them be the enunciate if pornography should be kept out in the public eye. In conclusion, Brownmiller laid out the briny points to a big problem in America. The bonk of freedom of speech, and if there are any limitations. Using pornography as an example made a rattling good argument for this topic.The second essay I chose to analyze is protecting Freedom of Expression on Campus, by Derek Bok. I chose this as my s econd essay because I assumed it would relate to m more(prenominal) closely due to the fact that I am a college student. In Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus, the author, Derek Bok shows how expressing yourself falls under the premier(prenominal) Amendment, whether it is on a private college campus or public college campus. He further explains that just because it is protected by law does not mean that it is right, proper, or civil.Bok goes on to show how censoring freedom of speech would cause people to test the limits to gain more attention than is needed and if dealt with in the proper manner. The author starts sour with a strong example of Harvard students displaying a confederate flag and swastika. Freedom of expression is a right and should not be used inappropriately. The First Amendment rights have caused much controversy because it allows people to say, act, or feel how they see fit for example, hanging of a Confederate flag or displaying a swastika in publi c view.It is a very hard and intense act although it is their right to do so. According to the Supreme Courts ruling, the displaying of these symbols is protected under the First Amendment. Regretfully, people act and react because they are offended by things like this, but it is one of our many freedoms as Americans. Although it cannot be prohibited it should be responded to in such a way they do not feel put down or that they are wrong in expressing themselves, but rather aim to them that it is hurtful and offensive to others.We have the right to be offended as others have the right to display or express their own interests. Diverse communities in the United States set certain laws to protect their properties from being vandalized with graffiti and protect them from loud noise rules of this kind should be evenly upheld in order to not discriminate for or against anybodys opinions or intellects. If the governing authorities see fit to change the laws to prohibit such expressions, they should be cautious.Bok says we are faced with the main example of, the conflict between our commitment to free speech and our desire to have a community founded on mutual respect. Bok shows that power of censorship is very dangerous because declaring certain things offensive will create a lot of attention. The stance Bok sticks with throughout the article is clear. He thinks appropriate officials and faculty members should take the come before on education students on what these actions do to others.He also thinks ignoring the displays would work because students would not have such an urge to put them on. It would be safer than prohibiting them, because all that does is give the violators more of a reason to act out. In conclusion, bringing up the example of the Harvard students displaying confederate flags was a good way to show his main point. The main idea is trying to bring out the difference between free speech and offensive material. This was a good way to bring up a coarse problem that our nation is facing in the world today.

Marketing Research – Heineken

Heineken International boasts one of the worlds largest and most pro trainable portfolios of beer brands. Its battlefront is felt in 71 countries, in all regions of the world and it employs close to 70,000 people worldwide. Since its first year of brewing in 1864, Heineken has still kept its dearest for creating the best craft beer and introducing a beer grow to Holland as Gerard Heineken initially intended. Heineken sells, markets and owns over 250 brands.The specific brand that I allow be computer programning for this market plan is the main brand which is Heineken. The main demographic gathering target are males between the age of 23-35 long time old. The annual income for this stem may start at $40,000 or higher. This group exiting be single and with no children. The target group will be educated with a college degree or slightly college experience. This group will standardisedwise be young working professionals. This group lives in the continental USA and are mostly city dwellers.This group is commonly on the go, always has somewhere to be and enjoys fun social activities. They are always willing to try new things but maintain a understanding of brand loyalty. This group likes a comfortable and exciting lifestyle, they are willing to pay a little more to get a better tone product. This group wants to be seen with the best, they like the nicer things in life everything they do is a reflection of who they believe to be.The more events this group attends, the more opportunities they will make to bear the purchase of the product and produce a inviolableer brand loyalty. This group will be defined by some of the behaviors that make them a great fit for the specific target group. This group likes to be in the know, they like to know the facts as to why the product they pick is the best fit for them. This group will defend their purchase finish over any circumstance thus creating a form of word of mouth referral for the brand they consume.The y have a strong can-do attitude and will stick with their choice of brand if ever confronted with a similar product. I decided to target this specific audience because they have more disposable income and no responsibilities of taking care of a family or spouse. They will use the product more than anyone else and will stick with it. This target group will revive the beer culture that Gerard Heineken envisioned more than 150 years ago. By targeting this young group, the brand will create a customer life story value investment for years to come.Marketing Research HeinekenHeineken International boasts one of the worlds largest and most profitable portfolios of beer brands. Its presence is felt in 71 countries, in all regions of the world and it employs close to 70,000 people worldwide. Since its first year of brewing in 1864, Heineken has still kept its passion for creating the best craft beer and introducing a beer culture to Holland as Gerard Heineken initially intended. Heineken s ells, markets and owns over 250 brands.The specific brand that I will be planning for this market plan is the main brand which is Heineken. The main demographic group target are males between the age of 23-35 years old. The annual income for this group may start at $40,000 or higher. This group will be single and with no children. The target group will be educated with a college degree or some college experience. This group will also be young working professionals. This group lives in the continental USA and are mostly city dwellers.This group is usually on the go, always has somewhere to be and enjoys fun social activities. They are always willing to try new things but maintain a sense of brand loyalty. This group likes a comfortable and exciting lifestyle, they are willing to pay a little more to get a better quality product. This group wants to be seen with the best, they like the nicer things in life everything they do is a reflection of who they believe to be.The more events th is group attends, the more opportunities they will have to repeat the purchase of the product and develop a stronger brand loyalty. This group will be defined by some of the behaviors that make them a great fit for the specific target group. This group likes to be in the know, they like to know the facts as to why the product they pick is the best fit for them. This group will defend their purchase decision over any circumstance thus creating a form of word of mouth referral for the brand they consume.They have a strong can-do attitude and will stick with their choice of brand if ever confronted with a similar product. I decided to target this specific audience because they have more disposable income and no responsibilities of taking care of a family or spouse. They will use the product more than anyone else and will stick with it. This target group will revive the beer culture that Gerard Heineken envisioned more than 150 years ago. By targeting this young group, the brand will cr eate a customer lifetime value investment for years to come.

Television: the Downfall of American Society

Sean Conway Professor Stevens WRT 102 Essay 2 Television The Downfall of the Statesn Society Televisions hasten only been around since their debut in the middle of the twentieth century and run through since become a capacious part of everyday life here(predicate) in America. Originally having good intentions, the picture and watch of idiot box in the last couple of decades has changed greatly. The amount of conviction people spend watching their tv sets has alike changed in the sense that people spend much more time in front of the television than they used to.Some argue that television has had a huge negative effect on American families. In her essay, Television The Plug-In-Drug, Marie Winn explores the ways in which television has lowered the fibre of family life, rituals, and values. She recognizes that there is a problem with our caller and the way in which it is consistently influenced by television. She shows this when she says, Televisions contribution to family l ife has been an equivocal one, (Winn 353).Winn is true in saying this because television has caused children across America to have undeveloped intelligence, creativity, and imagination. TV is also detrimental to family life, family relationships, and outside relationships as well. When the television made its first debut in the early to mid 20th century it came with good intentions. This idea of good intention however did not last long with the critics. As early as 1961 the chairman of the Federal communication theory Commission referred to television as a Vast Wasteland, (351).Many otherwise critics would come to shargon in his beliefs about television. There have been numerous books, articles, essays, and research make on the subject of television and its negative make on children in particular. Marie Winns article is just one of many. The amount of time Americas youth spends watching television can be correlated to a decrease in the quality of the lives of children across th is nation. As a result of watching too much television, children lack the proper development of intelligence, creativity, and imagination. Parents re so used to the idea of television that they do not think to link it to their familys problems or issues. Winn mentions a few examples of this issue in her text, one of which being a family of two boys, ages three and seven. The boys entire evening subsequently school revolves around their television shows. This same situation appears countless times in households across America. The reason that this is so bad is because when young children are disbursal all of their free time watching television they do not develop certain characteristics that they should be developing at this age.The children who spend more time in front of the television do not gain the experience that comes from playing sports, being part of a team/club, or getting to have a large group of friends to play and explore new things with. This is why they do not develo p certain characteristics which are all important traits to develop, in particular at this young age. I know that when I was young, and still to this day, I always loved being outside and playing sports or other activities.I am so thankful for this because I now originalize that by spending less time in front of the television I was able to discover so many more useful traits for life. Another aspect of life that television has a negative effect on in this country is family rituals. Family rituals are defined as The part of family life that the families like about itself, is proud of, and wants formally to continue, (354). Family rituals are extremely important because they are unique for the family and in some cases are what keeps a family together and close throughout years and generations.Somehow television has affected these rituals in many households. Winn uses an example of a young woman from clams in her article to show this effect. The young woman tells how she comes fr om a large family that loved getting together over holidays and had many lasting rituals that never failed to appear. leave off one year when her family got a television set in their house. This particular year, instead of the usual conversations and game playing the whole family crammed in front of the television to watch a football game.This is a perfect example of family rituals going down the drain due to television. Instead of interacting and having face-to-face conversations, everyone just stared at e screen without conversing at all. This validates Winns argument of television having a negative effect across the nation. Television also has a huge effect on not only family relationships but others outside relationships as well. Watching television causes people to get a false sense of reality and when presented with a real world situation do not know what to do or how to act.Winn states that, The hours children spend in a one way relationship with television people, an matte r that allows with no communication or interaction, must have some effect with their relationship with real-life people, (Winn 355). Winn is correct in saying this and in fact she proves it when she supports it with examples. She writes about a teacher who says she has trouble interacting with people after watching television for a few hours. The teacher says that because there was no necessary effort bandage watching, it was operose to deal with real people who require effort to talk to.Also, Studies have been done to show the importance of eye- to-eye contact in real-life relationships, (355) says Winn, something not required while watching television. This is more evidence to further validate Winns argument against television. I was lucky enough to be very involved in sports and other activities to steer me away from television. I noticed from an early age that the children in school who were not athletic and had problems interacting with the other children were also the ones w ho spent many hours a day watching television or playing games on the television.Thankfully my group of friends were always active and outdoors. Swimming also took up a lot of my time. I still swim today at the collegiate level and I still do not have time for much television. People destiny to learn that although television is entertaining, there is almost always something better they could be doing. Most of the people living in this nation today were born into television and watching television has been irreplaceably drilled into the minds of Americans and some people would not know how to live a life without it.The reality of television is that it has severely negative effects on people, peculiarly Americas youth who tend to spend way too much time sitting in front of television sets. Marie Winn was able to see the significance in this and writes about it in her article, Television The Plug-In-Drug. The title speaks for itself she believes that television has a huge negative e ffect on quality of life including family life, real-world relationships, character development and many other things as well.She proves her believes true throughout her work and shows the reader just how important it is to limit television viewing, especially for children who are watching more and more television each year. Without these limitations and more face-to-face interactions, this nations future may not be a bright one.Work Cited Winn, Marie. Television The Plug in Drug. Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Reader and Guide. 10th edition. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. New York Bedford, 2007.

Promoting Wellness and Resilience Essay

This paper deals with promoting wellness and resilience for single(a)s with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). First, a model of wellness and resilience is presented. Then, recommended intervention activities that promote resilience and wellness are discussed. Lastly, legal community and education activities are proposed.Wellness and Resiliency ModelStudies on wellness and resilience models among individuals with IDD step forward non-existent and very few have been written about counseling methodology. Most focus on a cognitive-behavioral approach to psychotherapy (CBT). Therefore, a paradigm moldiness be created that combines CBT and an evidence-based model of wellness. Myers, Sweeney, and Witmer (2000) define wellness as a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being, in which body, mind, and spirit are incorporated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community. Ideally, it is the optimum state of health and well-be ing that each individual is capable of achieving (p. 252). Resilience refers to positive adaptation, or the ability to maintain or regain mental health, despite experiencing adversity (Herrman, Stewart, Diaz-Granados, Berger, Jackson, Yuan, 2011, p. 259). Myers and Sweeney (2005) created a model of wellness called The indivisible Self which is based on Adlerian principles. This model delineates five areas of wellness physical, essential, social, coping, and creative.Physical well-being is further divided into two areas exercise and nutrition. Essential wellness is upturned down into four components spirituality, self-care, gender individuation, and cultural identity. Social felicity is divided into two give ways friendship and love. Coping is divided into four aspects realistic beliefs, filter management, self-worth, and leisure. Creative fitness is broken down into five elements thinking, emotion, control, positive humor, and work (Myers and Sweeney, 2005). Recommended Interven tion Activities That Promote Resilience and Wellness Asthe IDD population tends to be of trim socioeconomic status (as adults), placed in residential facilities, and highly medicated, physical health is a vital component of overall wellness. Physical fitness croup be maintained through exercise programs. A community-based program described by Lante, Walkley, Gamble, and Vassos (2011) addd health and psychosocial benefits to participants. In the area of essential wellness, spirituality plays an important part in the lives of most.IDD individuals should be allowed to attend worship services or participate in other activities cultivating the spiritual nature. Watts (2011) proposes utilization of Special Religious Education for large number with a Developmental Disability (SPRED), defined as symbolic catechesis where formal instruction is supplemented or completely replaced by visual, aural, sensory, and physical stimuli (p. 237). In the area of self-care, individuals clear be taug ht tasks to their fullest level of independence. Gender identity weed be explored through modified sex-education curriculums exemplified by The Facts of Lifeand More by Walker-Hirsch (lesliewalker-hirsch.com, 2014). Social well-being is a necessary component of wellness among those with IDD. Friendship and love are very possible and should be encouraged.Community groups, such as The Gathering Place and Pathfinders, provide a venue and activities for the population (welcometowesley.com, 2014 gracenc.org, 2014). Dating sites such as Special Bridge provide access for individuals with IDD a chance to meet and date others with IDD (specialbridge.com). CBT female genital organ be utilized to help disabled individuals in the area of coping. Irrational beliefs domiciliate be explored and replaced with more realistic views. Stress management techniques can be taught.Self-worth can be explored and improved (Lee, 2004). Leisure skills and interests can be explored and improved upon through systematic testing and development (Kreiner and Flexer, 2009). Creative fitness can be cultivated through activities that involve thinking, particularly critical thinking. Handling emotions and controlling behavior can be taught via dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) (Rizvi, Steffel, and Carson-Wong, 2013). Work needs can be met through sheltered, supported, and/or competitive employment. In North Carolina, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation provides services and referrals to service providers (ncdhhs.gov/dvrs, 2014).Proposed Prevention and Education ActivitiesEducation and prevention can focus on training individuals, families, caretakers, and facility staff. If those who are in contact with the population everyday can be educated as some(prenominal) as possible, the level of wellness and resilience in persons with IDD should increase. IDD clients can pick out about healthy eating and exercise through objective plans adjusted for cognitive operation level. For instance, individuals with autism can read a social story (The Gray Center, 2014). Individuals, families and staff can be trained on proper nutrition by registered dietitians who can develop meal plans (American Dietetic Association, 2009).The importance of gender and sex education, spirituality, and cultural identity can be taught to those working with people with IDD. Gender and cultural identity and sex education can be taught to individuals with IDD through modified curriculums or incidental learning. Social skills, coping mechanisms, and creative pursuits can be taught to individuals. Families and facilities can learn what coping mechanisms are effective for clientele.Identified Strategies to Promote Community ResourcesFamilies in particular can be directed to community resources. Many resources exist for individuals with IDD. Brochures, teaching about service providers, and government resources can be given to families and higher-functioning individuals. Providing links to websites fo r organizations such as The Arc and managed care organizations such as Coastal criminal maintenance can be a good starting place (thearc.org, 2014 coastalcarenc.org, 2014).ReferencesBeange, H., & Lennox, N. (1999). Health targets for people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 24(4), 283. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com.library.capella.edu/login.aspx?direct= authorized&db=aph&AN=2731367&site=ehost-live&scope=site The gathering place. (2014). Retrieved May 18, 2014, Retrieved from http//welcometowesley.com/connect/special-needs/ The gray center What are social stories. (2014). Retrieved May 18, 2014, Retrieved from

Need of Education Essay

Examples a) School qualifications no prep bedness semiskilling work b) School qualifications apprenticeship skilled worker/skilled employee c) Lower/intermediate secondary school qualifications apprenticeship master artificer d) University entrance qualifications apprenticeship additive culture occupation e) University entrance qualifications apprenticeship higher education executive position f) University entrance qualifications higher education executive position These examples lucubrate that there ar two ways of looking at the eudaemonias of training.The starting line, which is marginal in one sense, answers the question of what benefits atomic number 18 to be obtained from adding a further leg to the training path already completed. The second is more typical and concerned with the incomes to be obtained from specific training routes. A comparison is made between the incomes deliver the goods at 30 years of age and those resulting from the next lower tra ining path. This may be, for example, the benefits of an enterprise-based apprenticeship on the road to an academic qualification (path 6 comp atomic number 18d with path 5).The additional income minus the cost of training produces (allowing for interest) the slip away on the training investment. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, investments in education and training are, to a certain degree, investments in the infrastructure, and the return on such investments becomes apparent only in the long term. The concept of benefits also includes new(prenominal) aspects which need to be kept apart.It is helpful in the first instance to distinguish between the benefits resulting from the efficiency of the education system and its quantitative performance, on the one hand, and the benefits in terms of subsequent yields (economic growth, low unemployment, tax revenues) on the other. The efficiency benefit is the ability of the education and training system to train the younger generation in fi tting institutions so as to minimize the costs of students repeating classes or dropping out of higher education and thus reduce excessively long education and training periods.The benefits from vocational education and training are also associated with the allocative functions of the labour market. One function of vocational education and training is to ensure that the supply of labour matches demand. A training system should at least produce approximately those qualifications which are required on the labour market. There are therefore two sides to the benefits of investments in training. In formal terms, the benefit is the return on a long-term investment, yet this return results from the allocative effects of the labour market.It would be an excessively narrow perspective if researchers were to look only at the return on investment in terms of human capital. And concentrating exclusively on the allocative aspects of the labour market would ignore the fact that education and tra ining are an investment in themselves. There is also a third aspect to consider. Return on investment calculations can normally encompass only the reign over costs and benefits, i. e. the returns of the first type. But investments in education and training also have effects on other areas. There may be supportive or negative effects of a second type.Positive (synergy) effects clear when investments in education and training at one point evoke productivity at a nonher. These include in particular education and training investments which equip their recipients to work in research and development. Negative secondary effects occur in the form of redundancies when lesser qualified employees are replaced by their more qualified counterparts. There are numerous ways in which expenses may be refunded for training outside the workplace (refunding), e. g. by employers and employment offices.These refunds are deducted from individual expenses in the costs model (cf.Figure 6, p. 232). The s urvey aimed, first, to establish the direct costs, i. e. expenses directly associated with the go along training measure as such (course and event fees, spending on learning materials, travelling expenses, board and lodging, cost of child care where applicable, and all other costs directly associated with participation in continuing training programmes). The survey also looked at indirect, or opportunity, costs. Unlike direct costs, indirect costs necessitate no expenses, but arise in the form of lost earnings (e. g.unpaid leave or reduced working hours for continuing training purposes, but not the hypothetical earnings of someone who was previously unemployed) and the loss of leisure time.The leisure time lost consists of that time spent exploring the market, the time invested in the material training programme, travelling time, preparation and follow-up and, in some cases, paid leave. However, the yardsticks used to convert the loss of leisure time into fictitious costs are ul timately based entirely on random decisions. Even the net income earned from employment, which would be a plausible choice, does not provide a suitable measure here.Either the individual may not consider taking paid employment during leisure time unless it is moonlighting or may regard it as a consumer good rather than a loss of leisure time. For this condition, the BIBB survey was limited to recording the amount of leisure time lost and no guarantee was made to place a monetary value on it. Neither was it possible to apply any rules for evaluating the benefits. While it is quite clear that the profitability of continuing training is determined by the benefits, the input encompasses not only the time and money invested, but also the physical and mental exertion associated with learning.Private individuals, plainly like companies, are willing to subject themselves to continuing training only if it yields overall rewards. But these rewards depend on whether the training is a cons umer good and the benefits are to be found in actual consumption, or whether it has been chosen for career, i. e. economic, reasons. Economic benefits may arise in many different ways continuing training may serve to refresh knowledge, to adjust to new developments, to secure promotion and raise status, or else to avoid unemployment.Another consideration is that the benefits are normally not yet visible at the actual time of training. Those who opt for continuing training hope it will secure them promotion or save them from unemployment. Whether these objectives are actually attained emerges at a later stage. It is therefore objectively impossible to isolate the economic benefits of continuing training from other benefit factors. For this reason the survey was limited to presenting the respondents with a list of benefits and asking them to rate their importance in qualitative terms. http//www. cedefop. europa. eu/EN/Files/RR1_Kau. pdf.